70英语构词法

英语构词法friendfriendlyfriendlinessunfriendlyfriendlessfriendshipcouragediscouragingencouragedencouragementencourageencouragingdiscouragediscouragement•Asaresult,thepresentationwasnotverysuccessful.Thesetback___________me,andIspokeofittotheclub’sdirector.–A.discouragedB.disturbedC.encouragedD.educated英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。英语构词法种类转化法(conversion)•英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。常见的转化形式：•1.动词----名词•walk•Helikeswalkinginthewoods.•Let’sgooutforawalk.n.散步类似的词还有Iwanttohaveaswim.Ithasagoodtaste.v.行走•stop•Hestoppedmeatabusstop.n.车站•类似的词还有•Heisamanofstrongbuild.(v建设n.体格)•Becareful.It’sasharpbendontheroad.(v弯曲,n.弯道)v.停止•2.名词----动词•waterMancan’tlivewithoutwater.•Youshouldwatertheflower,sinceit’sdry.•类似用法:•①Didyoubookaseatontheplane?•②Pleasehandmethebook.•③Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.•④Welunchedtogether.n.水v.浇水在动词--名词的转化中,有的单词读音会发生变化.1.Herecordedhisvoice.(vt.录音)2.WangMengbrokenewrecordinwinterOlympics.(n.纪录)读一读动词----名词1.Horsesweretheonlymeansoftransportinthosedays.ThegoodsweretransportedtoBeijing.2.Sheishopingforawageincrease.Thepopulationhasincreasedgreatly.3.ShegavemeaspecialpresentonChristmasDay.Themoviepresentsthecharactersinaspecialway.•3.形容词----动词•empty•It’sanemptybox.•Ihadtoemptymybagtofindmykey.v.倒空adj.空的•4.形容词----名词•①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：•Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.•②某些形容词如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数如下，如：•Theoldinourcountryarelivingahappylife.•5.更多变化•down•1.Davidbentdowntotiehisshoelace.•2.Thebathroomisdownthosestairs.•3.Jackdownedthreebeerswithhissteakandfries.•4.Andyhasbeenfeelingdownlately.(adv.朝下)(prep.在…下)(v.喝下)(adj.忧郁)2.合成(Compounding):由两个或更多的词合成一个词。class班级+room房间=classroom教室2.合成(Compounding):blacknewsreadingpartcowtimeroomboardboypaper2.合成(Compounding):blacknewsreadingpartcowtimeroomboardboypaper合成词的构成形式playgroundwhateverpeace-lovingwell-knownBusstophumanrights合成词的词性•合成名词•weekend,daybreak,…•合成形容词•snow-white,face-to-face,…•合成动词•overthrow,white-wash,…合成词的词性•合成副词•everywhere,beforehand…•合成代词•something,anybody…•合成介词•within,outside…派生(derivation):是通过在词根上加前缀(Prefix)或者后缀(suffix)构成一个新词。happy---unhappydevelop---development前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化。mis-错误的+understandv.理解---misunderstandv.误解en+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大只有少数能引起词类的变化。后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。carev.照料---carefuladj.细心的workv.工作---workern.工人常见的前缀(A)表示否定的前缀：1.unfairunfaire.g.Americanworkersfeelthreatenedbyunfaircompetitionfromabroad.常用加un表示否定的词还有unacceptable,unaffected,unattractive,unbalanced,unbelievable,uncertain,unchanging,unfinished,unfold,untie2.nonsmoker-nonsmokere.g.Nonsmokerswillbeservedatnonsmokingareaintherestaurant.在餐馆，不吸烟的人会在无烟区就餐．常用加non表示否定的词还有non-stop,non-fiction(A)表示否定的前缀：3.dis-agreedisagreePetermaydisagreewiththis,butIdon’treallycare.常用加dis表示否定的词还有disappear,disappoint,disabled,discouragingdisability,disadvantage(A)表示否定的前缀：4.misleadmisleade.g.Don’tbemisledbyappearances.别被表象迷惑．常用加mis表示否定的词还有misunderstand,misfortune(A)表示否定的前缀：5.incorrect-incorrect,e.g.Youhavetocorrectyourincorrectspelling.常用加in表示否定的词还有Indirect,inactive,inconsiderateInaccuracy,inconvenience(A)表示否定的前缀：6.Impatient-impatiente.g.Afteranhour’sdelay,passengerswerebecomingimpatient.晚点一小时后，乘客开始焦躁起来．常用加im表示否定的词还有Impossible,immature,immodest,immoral(A)表示否定的前缀：7.illegal-illegale.g.It’sillegaldrivingwithoutalicence.8.irregular-irregulare.g.“Go”isanirregularverb.(B).表示时间的前缀pre-先于，在前preview,prewar,post-postwar,post-liberationfore-(前，预先)foretell,forecast•(C)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对；抵抗),auto-(自动),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再；又),sub-(下面的；次；小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如：•alone单独的antigas防毒气的•autochart自动图表•cooperate合作enjoy使高兴•internet互联网reuse再用•subway地铁telephone电话常见的后缀1.构成名词后缀：-tioneducation,production-mentdevelopment,movement,-nesshappiness,carelessness构成名词后缀：-alarrival,refusal-ityability,possibility-ismMarxism,criticism构成名词后缀(表示人)-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailor-ess(雌性)，actress,waitress-eetrainee,employee-ese(某地人)Chinese,Japanese-ist(专业人员)artist,scientist-ian(精通……的人)musician2.构成形容词的后缀：-alnatural,musical-ablereasonable,possible-ywindy,sandy-ishfoolish,selfish-somehandsome,troublesome-ousdangerous,humorous-fulhopeful,careful-lesshopelesscareless3.构成动词的后缀：-ifybeautify,simplify-izerealize,organize-enwiden,sharpen•(4)构成副词的常用后缀•-lyangry生气的→angrily生气地•-ward(s)east东方→eastward向东但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：dom“职位、状态”kingdom,freedomhood“身份，资格”adulthood,childhoodship“情态\状态\性质\身份\职业\技巧\技能”friendship,leadershipspoonful：“一。。。”mouthful(满口),handful(一把)