20定语从句

定语从句1.重点：限制性和非限制性定语从句区别2.难点：as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。典型例题解析：（1）引导定语从句的关系词：定语从句在从句中起定语作用，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句需用下列关联词：学习指导：关系代词关系副词起连词作用，本身又作从句中的主语、宾语、表语或定语起连接作用，本身又在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语who,whom(…的人）whose(某人的…）which(…东西，指物)that(…的人或物，指物或人）as(象…那样的，和…相同，正如)when(…的时候，修饰的时间名词)where(…的地方修饰场所、方位等名词)why(…原因；…理由)2、定语从句例句解析：定语从句中主要考察学生使用关系词的能力，所以掌握关系词的含义及使用规则是十分必要的。(1)Themanwho/thatlookedfunnywasCharlieChaplin.(2)Themanwho/thatcarriedastickwasCharliesChaplin.(who,that指人，在从句中作主语）(2)Theman(whom/who/that)mymothersawinthestreetismyteacher.(whom,who,that指人，在从句中作宾语，也可省略)(3)Thebookwhich/thattellsusabouttheearthisinteresting.(which,that指物，在从句中作主语,不可省略)(4)Thebuilding(which/that)hereferredtoisbeautiful.(which,that指物，在从句中作宾语，可省略）(5)Shelivesinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.=Shelivesinahouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.(whose指物，在从句中作windows的定语）6)ThecompanywillemployapersonwhoseEnglishisgood.(whose在从句中指人，作定语)(7)I’llneverforgetthefirstdaywhenIcametoBao’anMiddleSchool.(when指时间，在从句中做时间状语)(8)Iwon’tforgetthevillagewheremyfatherwasborn.(where指地点，在从句中作地点状语)(9)Tellmethereasonwhyyoucamelate.(why表示原因，在从句中作原因状语)以上是对连接定语从句的关系词作的分析，引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语、表语或定语，作宾语时可省略，关系副词是做状语，有时间、地点和原因状语。(1)that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况中一般不可以用which。3、定语从句注意以下几点：①当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时，如：a.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.b.Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.c.Thereislittle(that)shecandobutwait.②先行词被all,every,any,no,some,any,little,much修饰时：I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougavemeYoucantakeanybook(that)youlike.③先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.It’sthebestmovie(that)Ihaveeverseen.④先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时Thatwhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.⑤先行词是疑问词who,which,what时，定语从句用that而不用who(whom)和which引导。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?Whatthatisonthetablebelongstome?⑥当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引导。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolthathehadvisited.⑦当关系代词在从句中作表语时：Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.Shenzhenisnolongerthetownthatitusedtobe.Non-restrictiveattributiveclause限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。①限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定的作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或不合逻辑。这种定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号隔开。Themanwhocamehereyesterdayhascomeagain.关系副词when和why用于引导限制性定语从句时，在口语和非正式文体中可以省去，但是where通常不可以省去。如：a.Besuretocallonusnexttime(when)youcometotown.b.Thisisoneofthereasons(why)youmayliketoeatit.②非限制性定语从句和先行词关系松散，只是对先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。这种定语从句和主句之间须用逗号隔开。如：AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasmurderedonApril14,1865.CharlieChaplin,whodiedin1977,wasoneoftheworld’sgreatestactors.Helivesinanothertown,whichisonlyaboutanhour’sridefromhere.Soontheyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepblacksasslaves.注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.只能用which不能用that的情况①引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时。如：a.Brucewenttowardthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.b.Hecamelateagain,whichmadethebossangry.②先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。如：ThisisthehouseinwhichChaplinlived.如果介词后置：ThisisthehousewhichChaplinlivedin.或是ThisisthehousewhereChaplinlived.thatThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.这是我昨天借给你的那种书。ThisisthesamebookthatIlentyouyesterday.这是我昨天借给你的那本书。(5)先行词被thesame修饰时，关系代词可用as也可用that，但意义不同，前者是“同样的”，后者是“同一的”。试比较：(6)关系副词when,where,why其含义相当于onwhich,inwhich,forwhich，所以可以交替使用。如：①ThedayonwhichImethimfirstwasMay1st.②TheyearinwhichIcameherewas2000.③Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.whenwhenforwhich(7)有时可用that代替关系副词，在口语中常可以省略。如：Thisisthereason(why/forwhich)hecamelate.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.(8)关系代词as和which都能引导非限制性定语从句代表整个句子内容，as引导的定语从句可位于句首或句末；which引导的定语从句却不能位于句首。如：Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70%oftheearth.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.Hewaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.Theelephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.Hefailedintheexam,as(=which)isnatural.Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.(不光彩的)Hewasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.①Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).②Heisofthesameageasyou(are).③Ihaveneverseensuchalazymanasyou.④Takeasmanyasyouwant.⑤Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.⑥Thisissuchabookaswasgiventome.关系代词as在定从句中可作主语宾语或状语。用于thesame…as,such…as，as…as…中，as引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。※对这两个词作如下归纳：1.如果定语放主句后，即引用as也可以用which.Hefailedtotheexam,as(=which)isnatural.Sheseemsascientist,as(=which)infactsheis.2.如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用which引导定语从句。如：Asweallknow,hisbrotherwenttoAmericalastyear.3、as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如…”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。Hewonthematch,aswehadexpected.Heagreedtotheplan,aswastobeexpected.Thepolicewerelookingforhim,ashethought.4、如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which.a.Hecheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasverydisgraceful.b.Hecamebacklate,whichmadehismother.worried练习题1.All______isusefultousisgood.that2.Isthisfactory________wevisitedlastweek.theone3、Shewillneverforgettheday___________shespentinBeijing.which/that4.Thisistheschool_______myfatherstudied20yearsago.where5、Thisisthefactory__________wevisitedlastyear