Do在英语中的用法

Doisanirregularverb.Itsthreeformsaredo,did,done.Thepresentsimplethirdpersonsingularisdoes:Willyoudoajobforme?Ididsomeshoppingthismorning.Haveyoudoneyouressayyet?Heusuallydoeshishomeworkinfrontofthetelevision.PerformortakepartinanactionWeusedototalkaboutactionsingeneral,whenwedonotspecifyexactlywhattheactionis:Whathaveyoubeendoingtoday,anythinginteresting?Thereisnothingwecandoexceptwaitandseewhathappens.CanIdoanythingtohelp?Achieve,completeordealwithsomethingWeusedoasamainverbtotalkaboutachievingorcompletingthings:A:I’vedonethewashingup.B:Oh,thankyou.Wedid80milesonthefirstdayofourcyclingholiday.Shedoesthecrosswordinthenewspapereveryday.WorkandothertasksWeusedowithnounssuchashomework,job,task,work:Shehasalotofhomeworktodotonight.I’mgoingtodosomeworkinthegardenthisweekend.Ifyouwanttoknowwhatsomeone’sjoborprofessionis,youcanusethemainverbdoinaquestion:A:WhatdoesJackie’sbrotherdo?B:He’sanelectrician.Not:WhatdoesJackie’sbrother?StudyasubjectWeusedototalkaboutstudyingsubjects:A:Whatdidyoudoatuniversity?B:Idideconomics.AllchildrenhavetodoEnglishinprimaryschool.ProduceorcreateSpokenEnglish:Weoftenusedowithnounssuchascopy,design,drawing,painting,especiallyininformalspeech:Ilikethatphotoofyouandme.Canyoudomeacopy?Whodidthedesignforthewebsite?Shedidalovelypaintingofthelakewherewestayedlastsummer.CleanormaketidyWeusedoasamainverbtotalkaboutcleaningthingsormakingthemtidy:ThecleanerwasdoingmyroomwhenIcameback.I’lljustdomyhairandthenI’llbeready.BeenoughoracceptableWeusedoasamainverbwithwillorwon’ttotalkaboutthingsbeingenoughoracceptable:A:Whatsizebagdoyouneed?B:Asmallonewilldo.(asmalloneisenough/acceptable)DoisoneofthreeauxiliaryverbsinEnglish:be,do,have.Weusedotomakenegatives(do+not),tomakequestionforms,andtomaketheverbmoreemphatic.meaningexamplenegativeIdidn’tseeyouattheconcerttheothernight.questionformDotheyopenatnineo’clockonweekdays?emphaticHedoeslooksmartinhisnewsuit!Question(?)formTomakethequestionformofmostmainverbs,weusedo,does(presentsimple)anddid(pastsimple)followedbythesubjectandthemainverb:Doyouplayfootball?Doesn’thephoneyounowandthen?Didyourmothercomefromthesameplaceasyourfather?Negative(−)formThenegativeofthepresentsimpleandpastsimpleofallmainverbs(exceptforbeandsomeusesofhaveasmainverbs)ismadewithauxiliarydo+not,whichisshortenedtodon’t(donot),doesn’t(doesnot)anddidn’t(didnot).Weusetheshortformsineverydayinformallanguage,andthefullformsinmoreformalsituations:Idon’twanttowaitforabus.Let’sgetataxi.Jackdoesn’tliveinthetowncentre.He’soutinthesuburbs.Didn’tyougetmyemail?Isentitataboutfouro’clock.ThePrimeMinisterdoesnottakepersonalphonecallsfrommembersofthepublic.(moreformal)Didtheparentsnotrealisethatsomethingserioushadhappenedtotheirchild?(moreformal)EmphaticformsWeusedo,does(presentsimple)ordid(pastsimple)togiveextraforcetothemainverb.Weusetheinfinitiveofthemainverbwithoutto,andstressdo/does/didwhenspeaking.Compare:neutralemphaticIlikeyournewjacket.Idolikeyournewjacket!Shelookssotired.Shedoeslooksotired!Ididn’trecogniseyourdad,butIrecognisedyourmumIdidn’trecogniseyourdad,butIdidrecoginseyourmumWealsouseemphaticdowithimperatives.Docomeandhavedinnerwithussometime.Dostoptalking,Harry!You’reboringeverybody!QuestiontagsWeuseauxiliarydotoformquestiontagsforclauseswhichdonothaveamodalverb,averbintheperfectwithhaveorclauseswithbe.Thetagusesthesamepersonandtenseasthesubjectofthemainverb.Thetagmaybeaffirmativeornegative,dependingonthetypeoftag:YouworkwithPeter,don’tyou?(affirmativemainverb,negativetag)Sheplaysthepiano,doesn’tshe?Littlechildrendon’tusuallylikespicyfood,dothey?(negativemainverb,affirmativetag)Theydidn’tstayverylong,didthey?YoulivenearHarkness,doyou?(affirmativeverb,affirmativetag)Theyarrivedlate,didthey?Wedon’tuseauxiliarydotomakequestionsornegativesforclauseswithmodalverbs:Willyoubehereintimeforlunch?Not:Doyouwillbehere…Ican’tswimverywell.Not:Idon’tcanswim…Weuseauxiliarydo,notauxiliarybe,forquestionswithmainverbsinthepresentsimple:Doyouliveinanapartment?Not:Areyoulivein…Weusedoes,notdo,forthethirdpersoninthepresenttense:Doesyoursisterhavebrowneyestoo?Not:Doyoursisterhave…Weoftenusedoinsteadofrepeatingallthewordsinaclause.Dosubstitutesforthewordswedon’trepeat:A:Wewenttotheconcertintheparkthisyear.B:Yes,wedidtoo.(Yes,wewenttotheconcertintheparktoo.)Wedon’tusedoaloneifthesubstituteverbisintheto-infinitiveform.Inthosecases,weomittheverbbutkeepto,orweusedoso,doitordothat:It’snotoftenIwriteletterstonewspapers,butthatdayIdesperatelyfelttheneedto.or…theneedtodoso/it/that.(Idesperatelyfelttheneedtowriteletterstonewspapers.)Not:…theneedtodo.Doso,doit,dothatWesometimesaddso,itorthatafterthesubstitutedo.Doso,doitanddothataresometimesuseddifferently,buttheyareofteninterchangeable:HesaidhewasgoingtomovetoNewZealandand,toeveryone’ssurprise,hedidso/didit/didthat.DosoWeusedosomostlytorefertoactionswherethesubjectandverbarethesameastheoneswehavementioned.Dosoisgenerallymoreformalthandoitanddothat:Iwantedthemtoleave,andpolitelyaskedthemtodoso,buttheywouldn’tgo,soIcalledthe