Comparison-and-Contrast

ComparisonandContrast比较和对照的写作方法ABriefIntroductionDefinitionsofcomparisonandcontrastcomparison:Youareaskedtoexplainhowtwoormorethingsarealike.Contrast:Youareaskedtoexplainhowtwoormorethingsaredifferent.一．目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；二．使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式:1.块状比较方式（blockpresentationorthesubject-by-subject），先A后B，即A1,A2,A3...；B1，B2，B3...。2.逐点比较方式（alternatingpresentationorthepoint-by-point），AB交错，即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3...。Comparisonandcontrastisamethodthatisoftenusedbywriterstoanalyzethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwosubjects.Tocompareistobringoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwothings，andtocontrast，whichisaformofcomparison，istoemphasizethedifferencesbetweenthem.Asaresult，wecanunderstandthetwosubjectsbetterthanwewoulddoifwejustexaminethetwoindividually.Inwritingacomparisonandcontrastessay，youmayemphasizeeitherthesimilaritiesorthedifferencesbetweenthetwosubjects，orifyoulike，youmayincludeinyouressayboththesimilaritiesanddifferences.Nomatterwhatyoumayemphasizeinyouressay，rememberyoushouldmakeapointinyouressay，thatis，thereshouldbeapurposeformakingthecomparisonandthecontrast.Ifthetwoitemsaretoosimilarortoodifferent，therewon’tbeanypointincomparingorcontrastingthem.Threepurposesformakingacomparisonandcontrast:A.Topresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliar.B.Toshowthesuperiorityofonethingbycomparingitwithanother.C.Toshowthereaderofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftwothingstohelpthereaderunderstandorevaluatethem.Theorganizationofacomparisonandcontrastessay：A.HowtointroduceacomparisonandcontrastessayYoucanintroduceyourcomparisonandcontrastessaybyexplainingclearyourpurposeformakingthecomparisonand/orcontrast.Youcanalsopresentthebackgroundinformationthatpromotesyoutowritetheessay.B.Howtoorganizethebodyofacomparisonandcontrastessay：Whenyoucometothebodyofacomparisonandcontrastessay，youshouldfollowthefollowingtwosteps：Identifyingthepoints：Ifyoudon’tknowwhatpointstocompareand/orcontrastaboutthesubjects，youcancreatealistofpotentialpointsforeachofthesubjects.Thenyoucanrearrangethesepoints.2.Choosinganeffectivepatterntoorganizethesimilaritiesanddifferences.a）Thesubject-by-subjectpattern：topresenteachofthetwosubjectsseparately，thatis，topresentfirstaboutoneofthesubjects，coveringthepointscompletely，thenproceedtotheothersubject，alsocoveringallthepointscompletely.Ingeneral，thiswayworksbetterinshortessayswherefewaspectsareconsidered，orwherethewriter’sinterestisinthewhole.Itspatternislikethefollowing：b）Thepoint-by-pointpattern：todiscussthetwosubjectsforeachpointofcomparisonandcontrast，thatis，youwriteaboutthefirstpointintermsofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwosubjects，thenproceedtothenextpoint，andsoon.Thiswayispreferableinlongessayswheremanyaspectsarementioned，foralongdiscussionofthevariousaspectsofoneitemputstoomuchburdenonthereader’smemory.Itspatternislikethefollowing：c）Thesim-diffpattern：Thewriterputsallthesimilaritiesbetweenthesubjectstogetherandallthedifferencestogether.Thistechniqueissuitableforthosesubjectswhosesimilaritiesanddifferencesaremorebalanced.Inanessayusingthispatterntoorganizethebodypart，thewholeessaywillbearrangedinthefollowingway：IntroductionSimilaritiesDifferencesConclusionC.Howtoendacomparisonandcontrastessay：Yourconclusionshouldhelpyourreadersdrawconclusions.Youmayproposeanaction，stimulatethereaderormakeageneralization.Youcanalsorestateyourpurposeinafreshway.CountryLifeandCityLifeItisreallyhardtosaywhichisbetterthantheother,citylifeorrurallife.Bothhavetheirmeritsandshortcomings.Livinginthecityhasagreatmanyadvantages.First,youcanenjoyvariouskindsoffoods,bothforeignanddomestic.Second,therearemoreculturalactivitiesinthecity–youcangototheconcert,thetheatre,themoviesorthediscoclubafteraday’shardwork.Butcitylifehasmanyproblems,too.Theovercrowdedpopulation,trafficjam,industrialpollution,andthelackofunderstandingbetweenpeoplemayresultindiseaseandunhappiness.Livinginthecountry,however,youcanwatchthemagnificentsunriseandsunsetandlistentothebirdsinginginthetree.Ifyouwant,youcancertainlyhaveahugegardenwhenasmallgreenspaceseemsaluxuryinthecity.Inthecountry,youdon’thavesomuchworries.Youcanenjoythepleasureofworkbyplantingseedsintheearthandwatchingthemgrowintoflowersandfinallyintofruitsorfood.Butrurallifemaynotbethatperfect.Thingsaregoingsoslowlythatsometimesyoumayfeelthatyouareabsoluteleftbehindinsomeremotecornersoftheworld.Youmayagainmisstheparties,friendsandmoviesinthecity.Likeanythingelse,countrylifeandcitylifehavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.Thebestsolutionmaybethatyouenjoypleasuresofbothlivesandgetridoftheirinconveniences.MiddleSchoolLifeandCollegeLifeTherearemanydifferencesbetweenmiddleschoolandthecollege.First，inmiddleschool，wehavetolistentowhattheteachersaysinclass,tounderstandthecontentofthetext.Butincollege，wemuststudybyourselvesbeforeclass.Ifnot，wecouldn'tfollowtheteacher.Second，therearelotsofrulesinmiddleschool.Forexample，weshouldweartheuniform，thegirlsmusthavetheirhaircutshort，andwearenotallowedtomakeboy-orgirlfriends.However，incollege，wehavemorefreedom.Wec