美国文学选读复习资料

1美国文学选读复习资料WashingtonIrving第一个获得欧洲国际声誉的作家JamesFenimoreCooper美国第一位重要的小说家ThefirstgreatnovelistofAmericanThelastMohicans(FrenchandIndiaWar)Emerson爱默生=ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism超验主义HewasadescendentofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen牧师【pastor】.主要作品：论自然Nature(新英格兰超验主义的宣言)美学国者TheAmericanScholar（美国文化和思想的独立宣言）（TheOver-soul；Self-Reliance）AmericanTranscendentalismAsaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism(alsoknownas“AmericanRenaissance”)flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Transcendentalism超验主义(+H.D.Thoreau;)ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝NathanielHawthorneeffectedby超验主义OneofthemostambivalentwritersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.TheScarletLetter:红字Otherworks:MossesfromanOldManse;Twice-ToldTales;TheMarbleFaun;TheHouseoftheSevenGablesHeisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.EdgarAllanPoe:侦探小说Detectivefiction之父，又是法国象征主义运动的源头。主要作品：致海伦ToHelenToHelenEdgarAllanPoeHelen,thybeautyistomeLikethoseNiceanbarksofyore,Thatgently,o'eraperfumedsea,Theweary,waywornwandererbore2Tohisownnativeshore.Ondesperateseaslongwonttoroam,Thyhyacinthhair,thyclassicface,ThyNaiadairshavebroughtmehomeTotheglorythatwasGreeceAndthegrandeurthatwasRome.Lo!inyonbrilliantwindow-nicheHowstatue-likeIseetheestand,Theagatelampwithinthyhand!Ah,Psyche,fromtheregionswhichAreHolyLand!－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－一种翻译：（网上收集）海伦，你的美对于我犹如尼萨的船舸，在往昔，它们滑过芬芳的海波，把漂泊者从倦人的旅羁载回故国的陆地。经历了海风多次的吹拂——你那风信子般的美发，你典雅的脸庞，水仙女的风姿，带我回到希腊的熠熠光华和古罗马的气魄。看!在一个华美的窗龛你犹如雕像那样伫立，玛瑙明灯擎在手里！啊，赛琪，你来自彼岸那不可及的圣地！MurdersintheRueMorgue毛格街血案(Detectivefiction)；AnnabelLee安娜贝尔，李；TheRaven乌鸦；TheCaskofAmontillado一桶白葡萄酒H.D.HenryDavidThoreau梭罗andhisworkWhereIlivedandwhatIlivedfor人生意义Walden瓦尔登湖notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsandtestsThoreau’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.CivilDisobedience论公民的不服从,主张非暴力反抗，深深影响了印度圣雄芏地和民权领袖马丁，路德，金。WaltWhitmanThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrassInthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.Whatheprefersforhisnewsubjectandnewpoeticfeelingsis“freeverse”自由诗体,thatis,poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Thepoet’sessentialpurposewastoidentifyhisegowiththeworld,andmorespecificallywiththe3democratic“en-masse”同一地ofAmerica,whichisestablishedintheopeninglinesof“SongofMyself”.为林肯而作：WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom'd最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时侯OCaptain!MyCaptain哦，我的船长。WritingfeaturesofWhitman1.Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.2.Songsforhimself,forthelaborofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.3.Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.HermanMelville代表作：白鲸MobyDickOtherWorksare:BillyBudd,Typee,Omoo,Mardi.SymbolisminMobyDick：ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.散文史诗？Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman’sdeeprealityandpsychology.Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的,andbeautifulaswell.EmilyDickinson：IDiedforBeauty；BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath美国最伟大的女诗人。主题：自然、爱情、死亡/永生EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.MarkTwainWriting:humorandlocalcolorism地方特色ThecharacteristicsoflocalcolorismTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutas“localcolorism,”auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,”broughthimrecognitionfromawiderpublic.Hisbestworkswereproducedwhenhewasintheprimeofhislife：LifeontheMississippi&TheAdventuresofTomSawyer.汤姆。索亚历险记MarkTwain’smostrepresentativework：TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn（哈克贝利。芬历险记）（儿童小说，被誉为美国文学的来源）惠特曼是美国文学史上第一位打破英国诗歌传统的诗人，吐温是美国文学史上第一位打破英国小说传统的小说家。Hishumor,akindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjustic