您好,欢迎访问三七文档
1)ThediscoveryoftheNewWorld发现新大陆①ThefirstAmericansweretheIndians最早的美国人是印第安人②Inthelate15thcentury,ChristopherColumbus,anItaliannavigator,supportedbytheSpanishqueen,heledhismentosailacrossthevastoceanin1492andreachedsomesmallislandsinthenowwestIndies.HethoughthehadreachedAsiaanddidn'tknowhehaddiscoveredaNewContinent.15世纪后期,意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布,在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋,抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲,并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。③AmerigaVespucciprovedthatthelandwasanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.阿美利歌•韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆,因此,以他的名字命名。2)CausesofthecolonizationoftheNewWorld殖民时期Opportunitywasamagicword.机遇是一个神气的词①ThenewWoulddrewEnglishnobles(whodreamedofgettingmorelandandestablishinggreatnewestates.).②DrewotherpeoplewhocouldnotfindjobsinEngland.③Mostofall,itdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromthefarmlandsandvillagesofEurope.④ManysettlerscametotheEnglishcoloniesinsearchofreligiousfreedombecausetheyhadbeenpersecutedinEngland.1)他吸引了英国的贵族(那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的)2)吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3)尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。4)许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来,因为他们在英国受到早叫迫害。3)ThefirstEnglishcolonyintheAmericaswasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607.Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.TheywereVirginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorlina.美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间,英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳,南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。In1620,201ofPilgrimssailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.TheyarrivedatPlymouthandbuiltthePlymouthcolony.ThePuritans(清教徒),unlikethePilgrims(清教徒前辈)whowereartisansandpeasants,werewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.ThePuritansdidnotallowreligiousdissent.ThecolonistswerebuildinganewwayoflifeintheNewWorld.TherewereanumberoffeatureswhichwouldplayaroleinformingtheAmericancharacter.Theywererepresentativefromofgovernment,ruleoflaw,respectofindividualrights,religioustoleranceandastrongofindividualenterprise.1620年,清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐“5月花号”船来到新大陆,在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同,他们富有,是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用:政府的代表形式,法制,对人权的尊重,宗教的宽容和强大个人进取精神。4)TheAmericanWarofIndependenceanditsconsequences.美国独立战争极其影响①thecauses:Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,thepeopleinthecolonieswantedmorepowertodeterminetheirownbusiness.ButthepolicyoftheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrolandcollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.原因:随着经济的发展,殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌,并向殖民地征收更多的税。②theBostonTeaParty(波士顿茶叶事件):In1773,severaldozenBostonresidentsdressedasIndiansboardedtheshipsoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyandthrewtheteaintotheharbor.1773年,几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人,登上英国东印度公司的船,将茶叶倾入海中。③theFirstcontinentalCongress:InSeptember1774,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiawhichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.第一届大陆会议:1774年9月,在费城召开,鼓励美国人抵制英货。④LexingtonandConcord(列克星顿和康克特):TheWarofIndependencebeganattherein1775.⑤TheSecondContinentalCongress(threeweeksafterthebattleatLexingtonin1775):foundedaContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofWashington;appointedacommitteetodraftaformaldeclaration(ThomasJeffersonwasthemanwhodraftit),theDeclarationofIndependence,AndadoptedtheDeclarationofIndependenceonJuly4,1776.第二次大陆会议(1775年的列克星顿战役三周之后):建立了大陆军和海军,任命华盛顿为总司令;指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言(托马斯。杰斐逊起草),1776.6.4,通过了独立宣言。⑥TheDeclarationisaclearexplanationofthepoliticaltheorybehindtherevolutionandthistheorycamefromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLocke.宣言清晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论,这一理论源于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。⑦Theconsequences:INSeptember,1783,theTreatyofPariswassigned.BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates;thewarwasfrom1775to1781,itshowsthat,inajustwar,aweaknationcandefeatastrongone.AmericanpeoplegainedindependenceandcapitalismdevelopedinAmerica.Italsohadgreatinternationalinfluence.意义:1783年9月,《巴黎条约》签署,英国承认美国独立;战争从1775-1781,表明,在一场正义的战争中,弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立,资本主义得到发展。同时具有深远的国际影响。5)Establishmentofafederalformofgovernment:联邦政府的建立①TheArticlesofConfederationwasunusualinmanyways.1)itprovidedfornoking;2)whiletheArticlescreatedacentralgovernmentintheformofaCongress,theemphasiswasstillonstatepowers.3)theArticlesofConfederationwasawrittenconstitutionfortheU.S..Buttherewereseriousweaknesses,itwasdifficulttocarryonthebusinessofthegovernmentwithoutsomeonetodotheexecutive’sjob.Congresswastoolargeabodytofunctionasgovernment.AndCongresshadnopowertoraisetaxes.AconferencewasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1787toconsiderwhatshouldbedonetomaketheArticlesofConfederationadequate.十三洲联邦宪法的不同之处在于:1)没有采用君主立宪制;2)确立了国会形式的中央政府,但仍以洲治为主;3)是美国的明文宪法。但也存在严重缺陷:无人主持行政工作,政府事务很难执行。国会体制庞大,无法起到政府职能,国会无权提高税收。1787年5月于费城召开了一次大会,讨论如何改进十三洲联邦宪法。②TheGreatCompromise(onJuly16,1787):gaveeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate’spopulation.1787.7.16出台的大折中:赋予各州在参议院中同样的选举权,而众议院中的代表人数则根据各州的人口决定。③TheBillofRights(1791),becamethefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionoftheAmericanconstitutional—theBillofRights.Bythen,itisagreed,thefoundationoftheAmericanconstitutionalsystemwascompleted.1791年通过的,成为对《宪法》最早的十项修正案—人权法案。一般认为至此美国宪法体制的建立全部完成。④thefirstCongress:me
本文标题:美国历史--中英文
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-5579989 .html