专八英语国家概况(表格)

英语国家概况第一节美国概况一、概况1.TheUnitedStatesofAmerica2.NationalFlagstarsandstripes(星条旗：13colonies,50U.S.states)3.NationalEmblem(国徽)shield(盾),baldeagle,olivebranch,arrows;Epluribusunum=OutofMany,One=合众为一4.NationalAnthem(国歌)TheStar-SpangledBanner(星条旗永不落)5.NicknameUncleSam6.CapitalWashingtonD.C.(GeorgeWashington,ChristopherColumbus)7.LargestCityNewYorkCity:financial,industrialandtransportationcentre8.MajorCities东北部：NewYorkCity,Philadelphia(费城),Detroit(底特律),Washington,Boston(波士顿),Baltimore(巴尔的摩);西部：SanFrancisco(旧金山);西南部：LosAngeles(洛杉矶);南部：Houston(休斯顿)9.NationalDayJuly4th,1776年7月4日,美国独立10.NationalFlowerRose二、美国简史1.BeforetheColonialPeriodChristopherColumbus–theNewWorld–Indians2.ColonialPeriod1607–firstEnglishcolony–Jamestown;1620/9/23–Mayflower–Puritans3.WarofIndependence(1773-1776-1783)1773/12/16–theBostonTeaParty(波士顿倾茶事件);1774–Philadelphia–theFirstContinentalCongress;1775/4/19–Lexington–theWarofIndependence;1775/5/10–Philadelphia–theSecondContinentalCongress–GeorgeWashington–ContinentalArmy;1776/7–ThomasJefferson–TheDeclarationofIndependence;1783–TreatyofParis;1787–TheConstitutionalConvention–Constitution;1791–TheBillofRights4.Warof18121812-1815,美英争夺加拿大,美国独立后第一次对外战争5.WestwardMovement1830/5–AndrewJackson–IndianRemovalAct6.MonroeDoctrineEuropeanspowerswerenolongertocolonizeorinterferewiththeaffairsofthenewlyindependentnationsoftheAmericas.7.Mexican-AmericanWar1846/5-1848/2,吞并NewMexicoandCalifornia,美墨战争8.CivilWar(1861-1865)1860–AbrahamLincoln,Republican;1861–theConfederateStatesofAmerica–JeffersonDavis;1862–theHomesteadAct(宅地法);1863–theEmancipationProclamation(解放黑奴宣言);1863/7/1–BattleofGettysburg(葛底斯堡)–内战转折点9.U.S.intheearly20thCGildedAge(镀金时代):materialsuccess,spiritualfrustrationorconfusionandpurposelessness;TheProgressiveMovementorProgressivism(进步主义运动)–TheodoreRoosevelt–Anti-TrustLaw(反托拉斯法);WWI:aPolicyofPro-AllyPartiality→Isolationism10.TheGreatDepressionandtheNewDeal(1929-1933)FranklinDelanoRoosevelt–Recover,Relief,Reform11.WWII1941/12/7–PearlHarbor–Anti-FascistLeague–AxisPowers;1941–AtlanticCharter(美国总统与英国首相的联合宣言);theTehran,theYaltaandthePotsdamConferences(三次会晤)12.ColdWar1949/3/12–theTrumanDoctrine;theMarshallPlan;1949/4/4–NorthAtlanticTreaty–NATO;WarsawPact13.CivilRightsMovement1955/12/1–theMontgomeryBoycott–RosaParks;1964–MartinLutherKing,Jr.–NobelPrize14.VietnamWar1961-1973,DavidEisenhower15.Sino-AmericanRelations1972/2–RichardNixon–theShanghaicommuniqué;1978/12/16–JointcommuniquéoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaandthePeople’sRepublicofChina;1979/1/1,中美两国正式建立大使级外交关系;1982/8/17–Sino-USJointCommuniqué16.WatergateScandalRichardNixon三、美国地理1.Introduction领土面积：RussiaCanadaChinaU.S.美国陆地：阿巴拉契亚山区-沿岸低地-中部平原区-奥沙克山区-落基山脉-西部草原盆地-太平洋海岸低地(7部分)2.GeographicalTermsMississippiRiver–thefourthlongestintheworld–thelongestandmostimportantintheU.S.–FatherofWatersAppalachianRange(阿巴拉契亚山脉-美国东部):PiedmontPlateau,AppalachianPlateausandAppalachianRangeGreatCentralPlain(中部大平原):RockyMountains←X→AppalachianRangeGreatBasin(大盆地):Colorado←X→ColumbiaPlateausFiveGreatLakes:LakeSuperior(苏比利尔湖),LakeHuron(休伦湖),LakeMichigan(密歇根湖),LakeErie(伊利湖),andLakeOntario(安大略湖)★除密歇根湖以外,其他四个为美国和加拿大共有NiagaraFalls:HorseshoeFalls,AmericanFallsandBridalVeilFalls(新娘面纱瀑布)YellowStoneNationalPark–Wyoming–OldFaithfulGrandCanyon–Arizona–ColoradoRiverNewEngland:Maine(缅因),NewHampshire(新罕布什尔),Vermont(佛蒙特),Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut(康涅狄格)MountainStates:Montana(蒙大拿),Wyoming(怀俄明),ColoradoandNewMexicoPacificCoastStates:Washington,Oregon(俄勒冈),California3.MajorCitiesWashingtonD.C.(美国首都,政治中心):WhiteHouse,Congress,theSupremeCourt,CapitolHillNewYork(美国第一大城市,第一大港,商业金融中心):theBigApple,theCapitaloftheWorld,theHeadquarteroftheUNLosAngeles/LA(美国第二大城市):California,theCityofAngels,SiliconValley,Hollywood,DisneyChicago(美国第三大城市):theWindyCity,ChicagoStockExchange,SearsTowerBoston(美国最古老的城市):Massachusetts,Harvard,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologySanFrancisco:GoldenGateBridge,BayBridge,TransamericaPyramid,ChinatownDetroit:Michigan,MotorCityHouston(世界石油之都):NA(aeronautics)SAAtlanta:MartinLutherKing,Jr./26thOlympicGames四、美国的政治制度1.BriefIntroductionPresident:headofstate,headofgovernmentandcommander-in-chiefofthearmedforces;Government:theLegislative,theExecutiveandtheJudiciary2.GovernmentConstitutionalFederalRepublic(federalandlocalgovernments)3.LegislativetheCongress:HouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateⅰ参议员每州2名,共100名,任期6年,每2年改选1/3;ⅱ众议员共435名,任期2年,期满全部改选4.JudiciarySupremeCourt:ChiefJustice(1)andAssociateJustices(8);LowerFederalCourts:AppellateCourt,DistrictCourt,SpecialCourts5.PresidentialElection美国大选每4年举行一次,“大选日”为11月第一个星期的星期二6.PoliticalPartiesRepublicanParty(1854-Elephant):AbrahamLincoln,DavidEisenhower,RichardNixon,GeraldFord,RonaldReagan;DemocraticParty(1791-Donkey):FranklinDelanoRoosevelt,HarryTruman,JamesCarter,BillClinton;GreenParty,ReformParty五、美国经济1.制造业世界第一大生产国,机械制造业,食品制造业2.农业全球最大的农业出口国之一,玉米、小麦、糖、烟草3.矿业石油、天然气、煤炭、铜4.对外贸易加拿大19%、中国12%、墨西哥11%和日本8%六、美国的教育1.ElementaryandSecondaryEducationMassachusetts–firstcompulsoryeducationlaw–6-18–compulsoryandfree–publicschool2.HigherEducationTwo-yearCollege–AssociateDegree