国际标准职业分类

UNIVERSITYOFWARWICKEstablishmentofCommunity-WideOccupationalStatisticsISCO88(COM)AGuideforUsersPeterEliasandMargaretBirchFebruary19941AcknowledgementsTheStatisticalOfficeoftheEuropeanCommunitiesgratefullyacknowledgestheassistanceobtainedfromtheInternationalLabourOfficewiththepreparationofthisdocument.IntroductionThisdocumentdescribestheEuropeanUnionvariantofthenewInternationalStandardClassificationofOccupations(ISCO-88),referredtoasISCO88(COM).ThenewInternationalClassificationofOccupationsreplacesthepreviousversion,knownasISCO-68.ThefollowingsectionsdiscusstheconceptualframeworkfortheInternationalClassificationofOccupations1anddetailthemaindifferencesbetweenISCO-88andISCO88(COM)thathavearisenasaconsequenceoftheharmonisationofnationaloccupationalclassificationsacrosstheEuropeanUnion.ISCO88(COM)representstheculminationofaseriesoflengthyanddetailedinvestigationsinthetwelvecountriesoftheEU,combiningtheknowledgeofexpertsinoccupationalclassificationineachcountrywithpracticalconsiderationsforcodingoccupationalinformationcollectedbycensusandsurveytechniquesandaddressingtherequirementforanEU-widestandard.ItshouldnotberegardedasadifferentclassificationfromISCO-88,butratheritistheresultofacoordinatedeffortbyNationalStatisticalInstitutestoimplementISCO-88forcensusandsurveycodingpurposes.TheConceptualFrameworkofISCO-88ISCO-88organisesoccupationsinanhierarchicalframework.Atthelowestlevelistheunitofclassification-ajob-whichisdefinedasasetoftasksordutiesdesignedtobeexecutedbyoneperson.Jobsaregroupedintooccupationsaccordingtothedegreeofsimilarityintheirconstituenttasksandduties.Thus,forexample,thefollowingjobsaregroupedtogetherinISCO-88toformtheoccupationunitgroup3472Radio,televisionandotherannouncers:Newsannouncer;radioannouncer;televisionannouncer;compare;discjockey;mediainterviewer;newscaster.Althougheachjobmaybedistinctintermoftheoutputrequiredfromthepersonwhoexecutestheconstituenttasks,thejobsaresufficientlysimilarintermsoftheabilitiesrequiredasinputsintothesetasksforthemtoberegardedasasingleoccupationalunitforstatisticalpurposes.SkilllevelsandskillspecialisationsForthepurposeofaggregatingoccupationsintobroadlysimilarcategoriesatdifferentlevelsinthehierarchy,ISCO-88introducestheconceptofskill,definedastheskilllevel-thedegreeofcomplexityofconstituenttasksandskillspecialisation-essentiallythefieldofknowledgerequiredforcompetentperformanceoftheconstituenttasks.Onlyafewbroad'skilllevel'categoriescanusefullybeidentifiedforcross-nationalcomparisons.ISCO-88usesfourskilllevelstodefinethebroadstructureoftheclassificationatitsmostaggregatelevel,themajorgroups.ThesefourskilllevelsarepartlyoperationalisedintermsoftheInternationalStandardClassificationofEducation(ISCED)andpartlyintermsofthejob-relatedformaltrainingwhichmaybeusedtodeveloptheskilllevelofpersonswhowillcarryoutsuchjobs.ThefourskilllevelsarereproducedfromtheInternationalClassificationofOccupation;1988(ILO,1990)intheboxopposite.1Foramoredetaileddiscussion,seeILO,1990,pp2-3.2ISCO-88SkillLevelsandISCEDCategoriesISCOSkillLevelISCEDCategoriesFirstskilllevelISCEDcategory1,comprisingprimaryeducationwhichgenerallybeginsatages5-7yearsandlastsabout5years.SecondskilllevelISCEDcategories2and3,comprisingthefirstandsecondstagesofsecondaryeducation.Thefirststagebeginsattheageof11or12andlastsaboutthreeyears,whilethesecondstagebeginsattheageof14of15andalsolastsaboutthreeyears.Aperiodofon-the-jobtrainingorexperiencemaybenecessary,sometimesformalisedinapprenticeships.Thisperiodmaysupplementtheformaltrainingormayreplaceitpartlyor,insomecases,wholly.ThirdskilllevelISCEDcategory5(category4hasbeendeliberatelyleftwithoutcontent)comprisingeducationwhichbeginsattheageof17or18,lastaboutfouryear,andleadstoanawardnotequivalenttoafirstuniversitydegree.FourthskilllevelISCEDcategories6and7,comprisingeducationwhichbeginsattheageof17or18,lastsaboutthree,fourormoreyear,andleadtoauniversityorpostgraduateuniversitydegreeortheequivalent.Source:ILO(1990)pp2-3Skilllevels,formaleducation,trainingandexperienceTheuseofISCEDtodefineskilllevelsdoesnotmeanthatskillscanonlybeobtainedbyformaleducationortraining.Mostskillsmay,andoftenare,acquiredthroughexperienceandthroughinformaltraining,althoughformaltrainingplaysalargerroleinsomecountriesthaninothersandalargerroleatthehigherskilllevelsthanatthelower.ForthepurposeoftheISCOclassificationsystem,thedecisivefactorfordetermininghowanoccupationshouldbeclassifiedisthenatureoftheskillsthatarerequiredtocarryoutthetasksanddutiesofthecorrespondingjobs-notthewaytheseskillsareacquired.'Skillspecialisation'isrelatedtosubjectmatterareas,productionprocesses,equipmentused,materialsworkedwith,productsandservicesproduced,etc.Thereforewordsdescribingsubjectmatter,productionprocesses,etc.havetobeusedaslabelsforthecoresetsofskillswithwhichoccupationsareconcerned.ClassificationStructureISCO-88definesfourlevelsofaggregation,consistingof:10majorgroups28sub-majorgroups(subdivisionsofmajorgroups)116minorgroups(subdivisionsofsub-majorgroups)390unitgroups(subdivisionsofminorgroups)Manyusersofth