海草床生态系统的退化及其恢复

333(,510300),,,(),;;;Q178A1000-4890(2009)12-2613-06Degradationandrestorationofseagrassecosystem:Researchprogress.XUZhan2zhou,LUOYong,ZHUAi2jia,CAIWei2xu(SouthChinaSeaEnvironmentMonitoringCenter,StateOceanicAdministration,Guangzhou510300,Guangdong,China).ChineseJournalofEcology,2009,28(12):2613-2618.Abstract:Seagrassbedisoneofthecoastalwetlandecosystemswiththehighestproductivityandbiodiversity,andexperiencingdegradationworldwide.Naturaldisturbanceandanthropogenicim2pactarethecausesforthedegradation,andanthropogenicimpactisthemainone.Significantchangesinthephotosynthesisrate,photosyntheticpigmentsconcentration,ratioofchlorophylltocarotenoidpigment,andenzymeactivitiesareobservedunderstressesofheat,elevatedlightlev2el,watersalinity,andchemicalpollutants,whicharethephysioecologicalmechanismsofseagra2ssdegradation.Seagrassmonitoringandprotectionprogramshaveledtotherecoveryofsomeseagrassbeds.Biodiversitymaintenance,seagrasstransplantation,andecosystemservicesvalua2tionshouldbethefocusesinthefurtherresearchesontheseagrassrestorationinChina.Keywords:seagrassbed;degradation;disturbance;restoration.3(2008131)33E2mail:[e-mail]:2009203201:2009207225(seagrass),1252(Hemminga&Du2arte,2000)()8,:(Halophilaovalis)(Haloduleuninervis)(H.beccarii)(Z.japonica)(Enhalusacoroides)(Thalassiahemprichii)(Ruppiamari2time)(Cymodocearotundata),2400hm2(,2006),1,(Zosteramari2na),016106km2,10%0115%9:2(Hemminga&Duarte,2000),,,2(),,,ChineseJournalofEcology2009,28(12):2613-26181111,:1)PosidoniaaustralisAmphibolisantartica(Seddon&Cheshire,2001)(),Halo2philajohnsoniiH.decipiens(ef2fectivequantumyields,F/Fm)(Kahn&Durako,2009)(3040),(Thalassiatestudium)(Kahn&Durako,2006)Halophilaovalis(Ralph,1999),,,(Ralph&Burchett,1998a),(Ralph&Burchett,1998b;Macinnis2NgCatriona&Ralph,2003a),(Scarlettetal.,1999)(Macinnis2NgCatrio2na&Ralph,2003b)a,()(Ralph,1999),Halophilaovalis(Ralph&Burchett,1998a),(Zosteracapricorni)(Macinnis2NgCatriona&Ralph,2002),Labyrinthulazosterae(Z.marina)(Ralph&Short,2002)(Macinn2is2NgCatriona&Ralph,2002;2003a;2003b;2004),()(Ralph&Burchett,1998a),,2,,2)(GS)(NR)P.oceanicCymodoceanodosa(APA)(Perez&Romero,1993;Inversetal.,1995),NADPH2c(NADPHcytochromecreductase)(guaiacolperoxi2dase,GPOX)(superoxidedis2mutase,SOD)(Bucal2osietal.,2006)S2(GlutathioneS2transferase)()(Ferratetal.,2003)48h(0101011gL-1)HgCl2,P.oceanic(Ferratetal.,2002)3)24144h,,(Teresaetal.,2008),,,,,,,1122,,(Short&Wyllie2Echeverria,1996),,,(Poineretal.,1989),(Duarteetal.,1997)41622812(Larkum&West,1990;Preenetal.,1995;Ziemmermanetal.,1996),,,,,(Borum,1985;Wearetal.,1999),,(Thalassinidshrimps)(Dumbauld&Wyllie2Echeverria,2003),(Short&Neckles,1999)19951998,Tampa,,(Rogeretal.,2000)(Short&Wyllie2Echeverria,1996),(,2006),,,,(Larkum&West,1990),,,(Borum,1996;Short&Burdick,1996)Chesapeake,,(Boynton,2000),,(Tayloretal.,1995),2211(groundsur2vey),,,(Kirkman,1990)203S,(Kendricketal.,1999;Robbins&Bell,2008),(McDonaldetal.,2006),,,212(seagrasswatch)(seagrassnet),,(:)SeagrassWatch,19992007,,,(WorldSeagrassAssociation),,2001,3020089,213,,,Tampa(Rogeretal.,2000;Kurzetal.,2000),10,(Fonseca,1994;Williams&Davis,1996;Davis&Short,1997;Fonsecaetal.,1998)Paling(2001),70%,,(Valiela&Cole,2002),(:),5162:,,(Davis&Short,1997),(TexasParksandWildlifeDe2partment)(TexasGeneralLandOffice)1999,,,3,(1981),,(,1982),,(,2006)10,,(1998)(Lee,1997;Fongetal.,2000)(2008)(reconstructionmeth2ods),(11)(2),2,(PSPS)(,2002;,2004)(2007)(Enhalusacoroides),,(2006),(2008),,4411,,,,,,,,,,412,,,(Hemminga&Duarte,2000),,413,,,,,,414,,,,,(Davis&Short,1997),(Hem2minga&Duarte,2000),,,,,,.2008..(),10:87-96.61622812,,.2007..,25:200-207.,,,.2006..,51():114-119.,,,.2004.(ZosteramarinaL.)PSPS.,35:446-452.,,,.2008..,27:60-63..1982..,2:34-37.,.1981..,1:84-89.,.2002..(),44:788-794.BorumJ.1985.Developmentofepiphyticcommunitiesoneel2grass(Zostermarina)alonganutrientgradientinaDanishestuary.MarineBiology,87:211-218.BorumJ.1996.Shallowwatersandland/seaboundaries//RichardsonK,JorgensenBB,eds.EutrophicationinCoastalMarineEcosystem.WashingtonDC:AmericanGe2ophysicalUnion:179-203.BoyntonWR.2000.ImpactofnutrientinflowsonChesapeakeBay//SharpleyAN,ed.AgricultureandPhosphorusMan2agement.BocaRaton:LewisPublishers:23-40.BucalossiD,LeonzioaC,CasiniS,etal.2006.ApplicationofasuiteofbiomarkersinPosidoniaoceanica(L.)deliletoassesstheecotoxicologicalimpactonthecoastalenviron2ment.MarineEnvironmentalResearch,62:S327-S331.DavisRC,ShortFT.1997.Restoringeelgrass,ZosteramarinaL.,habitatusinganewtransplantationtechnique:Thehorizontalrhizomemethod.AquaticBotany,59:1-15.DuarteCM,TerradosJ,AgawinNSR,etal.1997.ResponseofamixedPhilippineseagrassmeadowtoexperimentalburial.MarineEcologyProgressSeries,147:285-294.DumbauldBR,Wyllie2EcheverriaS.2003.TheinfluenceofburrowingThalassinidshrimpsonthedistributionofinter2tidalseagrassesinWillapaBay,Washington,USA.Aquat2icBotany,77:27-42.FerratL,BingertA,RomoM,etal.2002.MercuryuptakeandenzymaticresponseofPosidoniaoceanicaafteranexpo2suretoorganicandinorganicforms.EnvironmentalToxicol2ogyandChemistry,21:2365-2371.FerratL,Pergent2MartiniC,R