《语言学导论》第05章练习及答案)

SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself，forexample，withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience，whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.4.Insemantics，meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.6.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.9.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.10.Ingrammaticalanalysis，thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit，butinsemanticanalysisofasentence，thebasicunitispredication，whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.11.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.12.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.13.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal，physicalworld；itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.14.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.15.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound，butdifferentinspellingandmeaning，theyarecalledh__________.16.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.17.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.18.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions，whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.19.Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication，largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement（s）inasentence.20.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning，thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviorism23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue？A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.24.“CanIborrowyourbike？”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes25.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents，calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis26.“alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove27._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense28.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy29.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms30.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesIV.Definethefollowingterms.31.semantics32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy36.homonymy37.homophones38.Homographs39.completehomonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy42.componentialanalysis43.grammaticalmeaning44.predication45.Argument46.predicate47.Two-placepredicationV.Answerthefollowingquestions.31.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents？32.Whatiscomponentialanalysis？Illustrateitwithexamples.33.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues？34.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation，inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues？35.Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer，howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsinto？Illustratethemwithexamples.36.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning？Howtheydiffer？SuggestedAnswersI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.l.F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T10.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.11.Semantics12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational17.Componential18.selectional19.argument20.namingIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV.Definethefollowingterms.31.Semantics：Semant