IFTV-Glossary-of-Terms

GlossaryofTerms-IntroductiontoFilmandTelevisionaerialperspectiveAcueforsuggestingrepresenteddepthintheimagebypresentingobjectsinthedistancelessdistinctlythanthoseintheforeground.angleofframingThepositionoftheframeinrelationtothesubjectitshows:aboveit,lookingdown(ahighangle);horizontal,onthesamelevel(astraight-onangle);lookingup(alowangle).Alsocalledcameraangle.asynchronoussoundSoundthatisnotmatchedtemporallywiththemovementsoccurringintheimage,aswhendialogueisoutofsynchronizationwithlipmovements.axisofactionInthecontinuityeditingsystem,theimaginarylinethatpassesfromsidetosidethroughthemainactors,definingthespatialrelationsofalltheelementsofthesceneasbeingtotherightorleft.Thecameraisnotsupposedtocrosstheaxisatacutandthusreversethosespatialrelations.Alsocalledthe180°line.(Seealso180°system.)backlightingIlluminationcastontothefiguresinthescenefromthesideoppositethecamera,usuallycreatingathinoutlineofhighlightingonthosefigures.cantedframingAviewinwhichtheframeisnotlevel;eithertherightorleftsideislowerthantheother,causingobjectsinthescenetoappearslantedoutofanuprightposition.cinematographyAgeneraltermforallthemanipulationsofthefilmstripbythecameraintheshootingphaseandbythelaboratoryinthedevelopingphase.close-upAframinginwhichthescaleoftheobjectshownisrelativelylarge;mostcommonlyaperson'sheadseenfromtheneckup,oranobjectofacomparablesizethatfillsmostofthescreen.continuityeditingAsystemofcuttingtomaintaincontinuousandclearnarrativeaction.Continuityeditingreliesonmatchingscreendirection,position,andtemporalrelationsfromshottoshot.Forspecifictechniquesofcontinuityediting,seeaxisofaction,crosscutting,cut-in,establishingshot,eyelinematch,matchonaction,reestablishingshot,screendirection,shot/reverseshot.craneshotAshotwithachangeinframingaccomplishedbyhavingthecameraabovethegroundandmovingthroughtheairinanydirection.crosscuttingEditingthatalternatesshotsoftwoormorelinesofactionoccurringindifferentplaces,usuallysimultaneously.cut1.Infilmmaking,thejoiningoftwostripsoffilmtogetherwithasplice.2.Inthefinishedfilm,aninstantaneouschangefromoneframingtoanother.Seealsojumpcut.cut-inAninstantaneousshiftfromadistantframingtoacloserviewofsomeportionofthesamespace.deepfocusAuseofthecameralensandlightingthatkeepsboththecloseanddistantplanesbeingphotographedinsharpfocus.1GlossaryofTerms-IntroductiontoFilmandTelevisiondeepspaceAnarrangementofmise-en-sceneelementssothatthereisaconsiderabledistancebetweentheplaneclosesttothecameraandtheonefarthestaway.Anyoralloftheseplanesmaybeinfocus.(Seeshallowspace.)depthoffieldThemeasurementsoftheclosestandfarthestplanesinfrontofthecameralensbetweenwhicheverythingwillbeinsharpfocus.Adepthoffieldfrom5to16feet,forexample,wouldmeaneverythingcloserthan5feetandfartherthan16feetwouldbeoutoffocus.diegeticsoundAnyvoice,musicalpassage,orsoundeffectpresentedasoriginatingfromasourcewithinthefilm'sworld.Seealsonondiegeticsound.discontinuityeditingAnyalternativesystemofjoiningshotstogetherusingtechniquesunacceptablewithincontinuityeditingprinciples.Possibilitieswouldincludemismatchingoftemporalandspatialrelations,violationsoftheaxisofaction,andconcentrationongraphicrelationships.Seealsoellipticalediting,graphicmatch,intellectualmontage,jumpcut,nondiegeticinsert,overlappingediting.dissolveAtransitionbetweentwoshotsduringwhichthefirstimagegraduallydisappearswhilethesecondimagegraduallyappears;foramomentthetwoimagesblendinsuperimposition.dollyAcamerasupportwithwheels,usedinmakingtrackingshots.dubbingTheprocessofreplacingpartorallofthevoicesonthesoundtrackinordertocorrectmistakesorrerecorddialogue.Seealsopostsynchronization.editing1.Infilmmaking,thetaskofselectingandjoiningcameratakes.2.Inthefinishedfilm,thesetoftechniquesthatgovernstherelationsamongshots.ellipsisInanarrativefilm,theshorteningofplotdurationachievedbyomittingintervalsofstoryduration.Seealsoellipticalediting,viewingtime.establishingshotAshot,usuallyinvolvingadistantframing,thatshowsthespatialrelationsamongtheimportantfigures,objects,andsettinginascene.exposureTheadjustmentofthecameramechanisminordertocontrolhowmuchlightstrikeseachframeoffilmpassingthroughtheaperture.externaldiegeticsoundSoundrepresentedascomingfromaphysicalsourcewithinthestoryspacethatweassumecharactersinthescenealsohear.Seealsointernaldiegeticsound.extremeclose-upAframinginwhichthescaleoftheobjectshownisverylarge;mostcommonly,asmallobjectorapartofthebody.extremelongshotAframinginwhichthescaleoftheobjectshownisverysmall;abuilding,landscape,orcrowdofpeoplewillfillthescreen.eyelinematchAcutobeyingtheaxisofactionprinciple,inwhichthefirstshotshowsapersonlookingoffinonedirectionandthesecondshowsanearbyspacecontainingwhatheorshesees.Ifthepersonlooksleft,thefollowingshotshouldimplythatthelookerisoffscreenright.2GlossaryofTerms-IntroductiontoFilmandTelevisionfade1.Fade-in:Adarkscreenthatgraduallybrightensasashotappears.2.Fade-out:Ashotgraduallydisappearsasthescreendarkens.Occasionally,fade-outsbrightentopurewhiteortoacolor.filllightIlluminationfromasourcelessbrightthanthekeylight,usedtosoftendee