unit-5-Love-is-a-Fallacy

LessonFiveLessonFiveLoveisaFallacy----byMaxShulmanTeachingContentsPreview:adiscussiononloveandrecognitionoflogicalfallaciesBackground:MaxSchulman;logicfallaciesTextanalysis:thestructure;writingtechniques;thefigurativelanguageExtension:Writing---LoveisaFallacyorNot.Loveisaneasygametoplay.Loveisblue,liketheblueinbluemovies.Loveisblind.Loveisakindofemotionthatmakesyoufeelupanddown.Loveisafallacy.Onceyougetusedtoeachother,itbecomeslife,nomoreloveexisting.Loveisingivingratherthanintaking.Howdoyouthinkofsomeofthefollowingviewpointsconcerninglove?(workingroups)Oneishalfwhenhe/sheisborn.He/Shespendsmostofhis/hertimeinsearchoftheotherhalf.Eventually,he/shefindshis/herlove.Yesterday----BeatlesYesterday,Allmytroublesseemedsofaraway,Nowitlooksasthoughthey'reheretostay,Oh,Ibelieveinyesterday.Suddenly,I'mnothalfthemanIusedtobe,There'sashadowhangingoverme,Oh,yesterdaycamesuddenly.WhysheHadtogoIdon'tknow,shewouldn'tsay.Isaid,Somethingwrong,nowIlongforyesterday.Yesterday,Lovewassuchaneasygametoplay,NowIneedaplacetohideaway,Oh,Ibelieveinyesterday.WhysheHadtogoIdon'tknow,shewouldn'tsay.Isaid,Somethingwrong,nowIlongforyesterday.Yesterday,Lovewassuchaneasygametoplay,NowIneedaplacetohideaway,Oh,Ibelieveinyesterday.Loveisblue.Blue,bluemyworldisblueBlueismyworldnowI’mwithoutyouGrey,greymylifeisgreyColdismyheartsinceyouwentawayRed,redmyeyesareredCryingforyoualoneinmybedGreen,greenmyjealousheartIdoubtedyouandnowwe’reapartWhenwemethowthebrightsunshoneThenloveisdieNowtherainbowisgoneBlack,blackthenightI'veknownlongingforyousolostandaloneGone,gonetheloveweknewBlueismyworldnowI'mwithoutyouI.TheAuthorII.LogicFallaciesMaxShulman(1919----1988)isoneoftheAmerica’sbest-knownhumorists.Heisawriterofmanytalents----hehaswrittennovels,stories,Broadwayplays,moviescenariosandtelevisionscripts.I.AuthorMaxShulmanisbestrememberedforcreatingthepopularcharacterDobieGillis,atypicalAmericanteenwhofrequentlysufferedfromromanticangst,afeelingofpersistentworry.Thecharacterappearedonapopulartelevisionsitcom(i.e.situationcomedy情景剧)duringthe1950sandwasinafeaturefilmin1953.OtherworksbyMaxShulmanI.Author(Cont.)II.LogicFallaciesDictoSimpliciter(绝对判断)HastyGeneralization(草率结论,不完全归纳)PostHoc(牵强附会,假性因果)ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提,二立背反，大前提有毛病AdMisericordiam：拉丁文，意思为诉诸同情(aLatinphrasemeaningtopity;afallacyinlogicofappealingtopityorcompassion.)FalseAnalogy(错误类比)HypothesisContrarytoFact(与事实相反的假设)PoisoningtheWell(投毒下井)ArgumentInordertounderstandwhatafallacyis,onemustunderstandwhatanargumentis.Verybriefly,anargumentconsistsofoneormorepremisesandoneconclusion.Therearetwomaintypesofarguments:deductiveandinductive.Adeductiveargumentisanargumentsuchthatthepremisesprovidecompletesupportfortheconclusion.Aninductiveargumentisanargumentsuchthatthepremisesprovidesomedegreeofsupport(butlessthancompletesupport)fortheconclusion.归纳法与演绎法（前提与结论）某农妇养小鸡10只，公母各半，她预备母鸡养大生蛋，公鸡则养至100天后陆续杀以佐餐。天天早晨她拿米喂鸡。到100天的早晨，一只公鸡正这样想到：第一天早晨有米吃，第二天早晨有米吃，······第99天早晨有米吃，所以今天，是第100天，一定有米吃······但是农妇把这只鸡杀了······人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。中国古时候有个文学家叫做司马迁的说过：“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛。”为人民利益而死，就比泰山还重；替法西斯卖力，替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死，就比鸿毛还轻。张思德同志是为人民利益而死的，他的死是比泰山还要重的。——《为人民服务》毛泽东FallacyFallaciesaredefectsinanargument-otherthanfalsepremises-whichcauseanargumenttobeinvalid,unsound(无根据的,有缺点地)orweak.Byunderstandingwhatfallaciesare,youcanavoidmakingthemandmoreeasilydetectthemintheworkofothers1)anideawhichmanypeoplebelievetobetruebutwhichisinfactfalsebecauseitisbasedonincorrectinformationorfaultyreasoning.2)aweaknessandlackoflogicorgoodsenseinanargumentorpieceofarguing.E.g.Thebeliefthatwomenarealwaysweakerthanmenisjustafallacy.PractisingAnalyzethefollowingfallacieswiththehelpofthetext.1)Peopleallovertheworldarepeace-loving.2)Hisparentslovehim.HisMissRightloveshim,too.So,everybodyheknowsloveshim.3)Don’teateggsbeforeanexam.Iamflunked（不及格）everytimewhenItakeanexamaftereatinganegg.4)Hedecidedtogiveupallhisdecisions.(DictoSimpliciter)(绝对判断）(HastyGeneralization)（草率结论）(PostHoc.)（牵强附会）(ContradictoryPremises)（矛盾前提）Analyzethefollowingfallacies5)Whentheinterviewerasksthejob-huntertomakeabriefself-introduction,herepliesthathehastofindajobtoaffordhisoldparentsandyoungchildrenwhoarenowsufferingfromhunger.(AdMisericordiam)（诉诸同情）6)Wecantakebooksandfoodinthetrain,thenshouldn’twetakeabombwithusinthetrain?(FalseAnalogy)（错误类比）7)IfChinesepeoplehadnotoverthrowntheKuomingtangRegime,wewouldnotliveahappylifetoday.(HypothesisContrarytoFact)（与事实相反的假设）8)WhenthenewteacheraskedPetertoanswerthequestion,Tomrosetohisfeetandsaid:“Peterisadunce(蠢材，笨学生）,heknowsnothingaboutwhatyouaretalkingabout.”(PoisoningtheWell)（井下投毒）9)AllstudentsinthisuniversitycanspeakEnglishwell.(DictoSimpliciter)（绝对判断）10.Iwillnotgotothelibraryanymore,becauseeverytimeIgothere,itrains.(PostHoc.)（牵强附会）LearningofLogicFallaciesAppreciationoflogicfallacies1.DictoSimpliciter(绝对判断）—thefallacyiscommittedbyanargumentthatappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmaketheruleinappropriate.Examples:Carisfast.Thereforeeverytimewehangout,weshoulddriveacar.Dogisapet.Everyonelikesit.Po