美国医疗保障制度-medical-care-system

ThemedicalcaresysteminAmerica--ByMacy/JoyceCarissa/willaInrecentyears,medicalcarespendingintheUnitedStateshasgrowntofifteenpercentoftheeconomy.Thecareisoftendescribedasthebestintheworld,butthecostisabigproblem.Medicalsciencetodaysavesmanymorelives.Butthiscanalsomeanmajordebt.Governmentprogramsprovidehealthinsurancetothepoorandelderly.Othersdependonprivateinsurance.Companiesguaranteetopaypartorallofthecostsofcare.Butthemorethepolicycovers,thehighertheprice.AroundsixtypercentofworkingAmericanshavehealthinsurancethroughtheirjobs.Theiremployersusuallypayatleastpartofthecost.But,asthosecostsincrease,employersfeelthepressure.Someemployersnolongerofferhealthcoverage.OthershaveincreasedthesharepaidbytheiremployeesGettinginsurancecanbedifficultforthosewhoworkonlyparttime,Thesameistrueforpeoplewhoarealreadysick.SomeAmericanshavenohealthinsurance.Someuninsuredpeoplegetcareatuniversityteachinghospitals.AnumberofreligiousandhumanitarianagenciesliketheSalvationArmyofferfreeorlow-costcare.Buthospitalemergencyroomsarewheremanypoorpeoplegoevenforminorproblems.Thisaddstohospitalcosts.Public&PrivateInsurancePrivateinsuranceisanyhealthinsurancepolicypurchasedbyanemployerorbyanindividualfromaprivateinsurancecompany.Publicinsuranceisaninsuranceplanorpolicythatissubsidizedbyfederalorstatefunds(Medicaid,Medicare).Thelargestnumberofpoorgetmedicalhelpthroughpublicprogramsatseverallevelsofgovernment.MedicaidThefederalgovernmentandthestatesjointlyofferaninsuranceprogramcalledMedicaid.StatesalsoadministeraprogramtoaidchildrenwhosefamiliesearntoomuchtoreceiveMedicaid.Medicareisthegovernmentinsuranceprogramforpeopleagesixty-fiveandolder.Italsohelpspayforsomeyoungerpeoplewhoaredisabled.MedicareonemustalwaysexhaustprivateinsurancepaymentoptionsbeforeapplyingforMedicareorMedicaidpayment,andMedicaidwillrequiresomeoneduallyeligibleforMedicareandMedicaidtomakeapplicationtoMedicarefirst.Obama'sPlantoEndPrivateHealthInsuranceObamaCarewouldcreateanewNationalHealthInsuranceExchange(NHIE),whichwouldfunctionasa50-stateclearinghouseinwhichpeoplecouldconnectwithinsurers.ThroughtheNHIE,participantswouldbeabletopurchaseprivateCoverageorbuyintoanewfederalinsuranceprogram.AnotherissueforalotofpeopleisthecostofPrescriptionmedicine,drugsonlyadoctorcanorder.Drugcompaniessaynewmedicinescostalottodevelopandmarket.Theindustrynotesthataboutone-tenthofeverydollarspentonhealthcareintheUnitedStatesgoestoprescriptionmedicines.Itsaysthesedrugsrepresentonlyasmallpartofhealthcarespending.AdvantagesFirst,comparedwithChina,whatabigadvantagetheU.S.healthcaresystemhasisfamilydoctorsystem.“Thissystemenablingdoctorstohelppatientsisveryunderstanding;patientdoctoristhetrustful;agoodphysician-patientrelationshipisconducivetohealthandhealthcareSecond,setupfreemedicalcarehospitalspecificallyforthelow-incomefamily.Third,noinsurance,peoplecanalsoapplyfortemporaryrelief.Fourth,thebusinesssponsor.Forestablishingpublicimageconsiderations，somepharmaceuticalcompaniesoftenprovidefreemedicinestopatients,tosomeextent，alleviatingthefinancialburdenofmedicaltreatmentofthelow-incomepatients.DisadvantagesAlthoughtheU.S.healthcaresystemachieveafullcoverage,buttherearestillmanyproblems.oneofthatistheheavyfinancialburdenofthefederalgovernmentAnotheroneisextremelyexpensivemedicalexpenses.Themechanismoftheinsurancecompanypayingthemostofmedicalexpensesresultsincostlymedicalexpenses.Becauseofimpressiveillnessinsurancepremiums,insurancecompaniesencouragecustomersactivelytobuytheinsuranceofseriousillness,anditleadstothatpreventionprogramsarenobuyerswhichresultsinhighmedicalcosts.Thethirdoneisthenegativeeffectsoftheexistingmechanism.TensofmillionsofpeopleintheUnitedStateshasnohealthinsurance.Theselow-incomepeople，whoarenotinlinewithgovernmenthealthinsuranceprogrameligibilitycriteria,refusetobuymoreexpensivecommercialhealthinsurance，becauseofthelegalprotectionofrightsoflow-incomepeopleenjoyingmedicaltreatmentandtheencourageoflagincentivemechanismofhospitalcharges.Insteadofthat,theychoosetodependentongovernmentandsocialassistance.ThenthatleadstoahugepotentialriskoftheU.S.healthcaresystem,PrinciplesforreformOftheU.S.healthcaresystemareintendedtoserveasaguideforCongresstoencouragebi-partisanactiontoimprovebothindividualhealthandthecollectivehealthcaresystemintheUnitedStates.1.HealthcarecoverageforallisneededtoensurequalityofcareandtoimprovethehealthstatusofAmericans.2.Inreformingthehealthcaresystem,weasasocietymustrespecttheethicalimperativeofprovidinghealthcaretoindividuals,responsiblestewardshipofcommunityresources,andtheimportanceofpersonalhealthresponsibility.3.Lesscomplicatedadministrativesystemsareessentialtoreducecosts,createamoreefficienthealthcaresystem,andmaximizefundingforhealthcareservices4.Costmanagementbyallstakeholders,consistentwithachievingqualityhealthcare,iscriticaltoattainingaworkable,affordableandsustainablehealthcaresystem5.Accesstoandfinancingforappropriatehealthservicesmustbeasharedpublic/privatecooperativeeffort,andasystemwhichwillallowindividuals/employerstopurchaseadditionalservice