American-Civil-Rights-Movement

African-AmericanCivilRightsMovement•AmovementintheUnitedStatesaimedatoutlawingracialdiscriminationagainstAfrican-Americansandrestoringvotingrightstothem•Movementwascharacterisedbycampaignsofcivilresistance(non-violentresistance)•ThefamousleaderoftheCivilRightsMovementwasMartinLutherKingJr.•NotableachievmentwasthepassingofTheCivilRightsActOf1964:banneddiscriminationbasedon“race,color,religionofnationalorigin”Segregation•Thecivilrightsmovementwasapolitical,legal,andsocialstruggletogainfullcitizenshiprightsforAfricanAmericans.•Thecivilrightsmovementwasfirstandforemostachallengetosegregation,thesystemoflawsandcustomsseparatingAfricanAmericansandwhites.•Duringthemovement,individualsandcivilrightsorganizationschallengedsegregationanddiscriminationwithavarietyofactivities,includingprotestmarches,boycotts,andrefusaltoabidebysegregationlaws.CivilrightsmarcherscrosstheAlabamariverontheEdmundPettusBridgeatSelmaMarch21,1965,withDr.MartinLutherKingJr.attheleadatthestartofafiveday,50-milemarchtotheStateCapitolofMontgomeryforvoterregistrationrightsforblacks.(APPhoto)Segregation•SegregationbecamecommoninSouthernstatesfollowingtheendofReconstructionin1877.Thesestatesbegantopasslocalandstatelawsthatspecifiedcertainplaces“ForWhitesOnly”andothersfor“Colored.”Drinkingfountainoncountycourthouselawn,Halifax,NorthCarolina;LibraryofCongress,Prints&PhotographsDivision,FSA/OWICollection,[reproductionnumber,e.g.,LC-USF34-9058-C]Segregation•AfricanAmericanshadseparateschools,transportation,restaurants,andparks,manyofwhichwerepoorlyfundedandinferiortothoseofwhites.EntranceofmoviehouseforAfricanAmericansonSaturdayafternoon,Belzoni,MississippiDelta,MississippiLibraryofCongress,Prints&PhotographsDivision,FSA/OWICollection,[reproductionnumber,e.g.,LC-USF34-9058-C]Segregation•Thesystemofsegregationalsoincludedthedenialofvotingrights,knownasdisenfranchisement.•Between1890and1910,allSouthernstatespassedlawsimposingrequirementsforvoting.ThesewereusedtopreventAfricanAmericansfromvoting,inspiteofthe15thAmendment,whichhadbeendesignedtoprotectAfricanAmericanvotingrights.Segregation•ConditionsforAfricanAmericansintheNorthernstatesweresomewhatbetter,thoughupto1910onlytenpercentofAfricanAmericanslivedintheNorth.•SegregatedfacilitieswerenotascommonintheNorth,butAfricanAmericanswereusuallydeniedentrancetothebesthotelsandrestaurants.•AfricanAmericanswereusuallyfreetovoteintheNorth.ActorCharltonHestonprotestsawhites-onlyrestaurantAgrammaticallyincorrectsegregationsignJimCrow•Jim为普通男孩名;crow意为“乌鸦”。JimCrow原意为“黑人”,是美国白人至上主义者对黑人的蔑称;今译作“黑人隔离法”。《朗曼当代英语辞典》对该词条的释义是:“thesystemofunfairtreatmentofblackAmericans”。与JimCrow连用的表达法有:JimCrowLaw(黑人法);JimCrowschool/bus/car(黑人专用学校/车厢/汽车);JimCrowism(种族隔离)等。JimCrow的产生与19世纪90年代美国第三党——平民党（PopulistParty）的兴亡有着密切的联系。JimCrowLaws•Theselawsenforcedracialsegregationwithasupposed“separatebutequal”statusforBlackAmericans•Theselawswereusedinhospitals,restaurants,buses,trains,toilets,barbers,parks,schoolsandmanymore…JimCrowLawsJimCrowLawsJimCrowLawsJimCrowLawsRosaParks&TheMontgomeryBusBoycott•RosaParks(1913-2005)•RosaParkswasanAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsActivist•Referredtoas“thefirstladyofcivilrights”and“themotherofthefreedommovement”•BecameactiveintheCivilRightsMovementin1943andisfamousfortheMontgomerybusboycottinthestateofAlabamaTheMontgomeryBusBoycott•InDecember1955,RosaParks,wastoldtogiveupherseatonacitybustoawhiteperson.•WhenParksrefusedtomove,shewasarrested.ContentsVictory•MontgomerybusboycottwasamassprotestbyAfricanAmericancitizensinthecityofMontgomery,Alabama,againstsegregationpoliciesonthecity'spublicbuses.•PressureincreasedacrossthecountryandonJune4,1956thefederaldistrictcourtruledthatAlabama’sracialsegregationlawsforbuseswereunconstitutional.•Theboycotthadlastedfor381daysandthevictoryledtoblackpassengerstositanywheretheywantedonthebusSit-Ins•OnFebruary1,1960,fourAfricanAmericancollegestudentsfromNorthCarolinaA&TUniversitybeganprotestingracialsegregationinrestaurantsbysittingat“WhiteOnly”lunchcountersandwaitingtobeserved.Sit-insinaNashvillestoreLibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivisionWashington,D.C.;LC-USZ62-126236ApamphletbyBarbaraAnnPoseyexplainingherreasonsforprotestingSit-Ins•Thiswasnotanewformofprotest,buttheresponsetothesit-insspreadthroughoutNorthCarolina,andwithinweekssit-insweretakingplaceincitiesacrosstheSouth.•Manyrestaurantsweredesegregatedinresponsetothesit-ins.•ThisformofprotestdemonstratedclearlytoAfricanAmericansandwhitesalikethatyoungAfricanAmericansweredeterminedtorejectsegregation.•InApril1960,theStudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee(SNCC)wasfoundedinRaleigh,NorthCarolina,tohelporganizeanddirectthestudentsit-inmovement.MarchOnWashington(1963)August28th1963,aCivilRightsMarchwasheldonWashington,marchingfromtheWashingtonMonumenttotheLincolnMemorial.Nearly200,000to300,000peopletookpartinit.MarchOnWashington(1963)Themarchhadsixofficialgoals:•meaningfulcivilrightslaws•amassivefederalworksprogram•fullandfairemployment•decenthousing•therighttovote•adequateintegratededucationMarchOnWashington(1963)MarchOnWashington