西安交通大学考博英语2011年试题及答案解析

专业▪权威▪轻松▪快乐西安交通大学考博英语历年真题1/18西安交大2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PARTⅠCLOZETESTDirection:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(20points)InGreatBritaintodaygoodmannersattableincludeeatingwiththemouthclosed;notlettinganyofthefood(1)theplate;usingtheknifeonlyforcutting;andnottryingtotakefoodacrossthetable.Inotherpartsoftheworldtherearealsorulesforpeopletofollowwhentheyareeating,(2)theyarenotthesameasthoseofBritain.(3),whatareconsideredgoodtablemannersinsomeothercountriesarewhatBritishpeopletryhardesttoavoid.InArabia,(4),thepeopleatafeasttakepiecesoffoodwiththeirfingersandbelchloudlytoshowthatthey(5)it.ThericherandmoreeducatedpeopleintheEasthave,(6),toagreatextenttakenupthetablemannersandcustomsofWesternpeople.Tablesandchairs(7)thecushionsofthepast,andtheladyofthehouse(8)atoneendofthetableinthesamewaythatWesternwomendo.ManyJapanese,howeverstillfeelitwouldbewrongtoeatunlessthey(9)onacushionbeforealowtablewithatrayoffoodonit.InmanypartsoftheworldbothtraditionalandWesternstylesofeatingexist(10).IntheWesttherearedifferencesbetweentablemannersinvariouscountries,althoughtheyarenotso(11).InNorthAmericaitispoliteto(12)meatandthenputtheknifedown,taketheforkintherighthandandeatwithit.MostEuropeanpeople,liketheBritish,keeptheforkinthelefthandandtheknifeintherightallthetime(13)theyareeatingfoodthathastobecut.IntheBritishIslesandScandinavia(Norway,Sweden,DenmarkandIceland)specialknivesandforksareusedforeatingfish.InFrance,BelgiumandItaly,(14),itiscorrecttokeepthesameknifeforeverycourse,wipingitonapieceofbread.Drinkingcustomsattable(15)varyindifferentcountries.InEurope,water,wineorbeerisdrunkwithmealsandcoffeeorteaistakenafterwards.InNorthAmericaabeverage(16)coffee,teaormilkisdrunkwithmeals.Tablemannersofcourse(17)withtime.Theearliestmealswerealsothesimplest.Theywereeatensittingonthegroundroundafire,andeveryonetookhisfoodfromapot(18)thefireorcutbitsfromtheanimalorbirdthathadbeencooked.Thewomenwaitedonthewarriorsandafterwardsatewhattheyleft.Fingerswereusedtoeatfoodthroughoutthemiddleages.Foodwas(19)woodendishthenoblemensittingabovealargesaltcalledsimplythesalt.Theordinarypeoplesat(20).InthereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547),peoplewerestilleatingwiththeirhandsaftercuttingthefoodthefoodwithaclaspknifewhichwasalwayscarriedatthebelt.ForkswerenotusedinEnglishuntilthe17thcentury.1.A.fallonB.fallinC.falloffD.fallout2.A.butB.soC.howeverD.nor3.A.FurthermoreB.HoweverC.OnthecontraryD.Indeed4.A.howeverB.yetC.forinstanceD.but5.A.finisheatingB.haveappreciatedC.arelikingD.preferto专业▪权威▪轻松▪快乐西安交通大学考博英语历年真题2/186.A.furthermoreB.howeverC.soD.inaddition7.A.areusingB.havereplacedC.takeawayD.takeon8.A.presidesB.holdsC.staresD.stands9.A.areB.sitC.aresatD.weresitting10.A.sideinsideB.sidetosideC.sidebysideD.sideforside11.A.markedB.subtleC.considerateD.attractive12.A.cutoffB.cutawayC.cutupD.cutdown13.A.ifB.whichC.unlessD.when14.A.soB.andC.inadditionD.however15.A.soB.alsoC.yetD.then16.A.forexampleB.suchasC.forinstanceD.takeasanexample17.A.havechangedB.hasdevelopedC.havereplacedD.haskept18.A.onB.inC.aboveD.beyond19.A.iseatenupB.wereeatenC.waseatenoffD.hasbeeneaten20.A.atthetableB.stillC.inD.belowthesaltPARTREADINGCOMPREHENSIIONⅡSectionADetailedReadingDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestion.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(30points)Passage1EveryAmericanhigh-schoolstudentmayormaynothope,orexpecttogotocollege,butifhedoes,dependingonhowmuchhewantsto,heprobablycan.Atanyrate,sixoutoftenhigh-schoolgraduatesgotocollege.Notallofthemgoimmediately—lackofmoney,theArmedForces,anattractivejob,illness,anyoneofahundredreasons,commonanduncommon,mayholdsomeoutforayear,ortwo,orfive,buttheytoowillgoeventually.Someofthemwillgotofour-yearcolleges,sometojuniorcolleges,sometotechnicalinstitutes.Andthenumberwillclimb.Intenyearssevenoutoftenhigh-schoolgraduateswillgo,andintwentyyearsfouroutoffive.Thefactthatsomanyhigh-schoolgraduatesnowcontinuetheireducationsuggeststhatthereisahighvalueoncollegeinAmericanlife.Andthisisso.Ayoungmanorayoungwomanofcollegeismoreorlessexpectedtobegoingtocollegesimplybecausethatisthebestthingtobedoingatthatage.Theexpectationisnotabstractdevotiontoeducationbutordinarycommonsensebasedonthevaluesofcollege.Thefactisthatthedifferences,intermsoflifetimeexperiences,betweentheaveragestudentwhogoestocollegeandtheaveragestudentwhodoesnot,aresofavorabletothecollege-goingstudentthatanystudentwhocanreachcollegeowesittohimselftodoso.Thewordreachisimportant.Collegeisaseparateexperience.Itisoptionalinthesensethatnostudentisrequiredtogotocollegeasheisrequiredbylaw--inmoststates--togotohighschool.Butitisnotoptionalforastudentwhowouldliketoenteraprofession,orwhowouldliketoget专业▪权威▪轻松▪快乐西安交通大学考博英语历年真题3/18intothemanagementstructureofbusinessorfinance,orwhowouldliketoentergove