建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文

建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：《AdvancedEncryptionStandard》文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2004.10.25系（部）：建筑工程系学生：陆总LYY外文文献：ModernArchitectureModernarchitecture,nottobeconfusedwith'contemporaryarchitecture',isatermgiventoanumberofbuildingstyleswithsimilarcharacteristics,primarilythesimplificationofformandtheeliminationofornament.Whilethestylewasconceivedearlyinthe20thcenturyandheavilypromotedbyafewarchitects,architecturaleducatorsandexhibits,veryfewModernbuildingswerebuiltinthefirsthalfofthecentury.ForthreedecadesaftertheSecondWorldWar,however,itbecamethedominantarchitecturalstyleforinstitutionalandcorporatebuilding.1.OriginsSomehistoriansseetheevolutionofModernarchitectureasasocialmatter,closelytiedtotheprojectofModernityandhencetotheEnlightenment,aresultofsocialandpoliticalrevolutions.OthersseeModernarchitectureasprimarilydrivenbytechnologicalandengineeringdevelopments,anditistruethattheavailabilityofnewbuildingmaterialssuchasiron,steel,concreteandglassdrovetheinventionofnewbuildingtechniquesaspartoftheIndustrialRevolution.In1796,ShrewsburymillownerCharlesBagefirstusedhis‘fireproof’design,whichreliedoncastironandbrickwithflagstonefloors.Suchconstructiongreatlystrengthenedthestructureofmills,whichenabledthemtoaccommodatemuchbiggermachines.Duetopoorknowledgeofiron'spropertiesasaconstructionmaterial,anumberofearlymillscollapsed.Itwasnotuntiltheearly1830sthatEatonHodgkinsonintroducedthesectionbeam,leadingtowidespreaduseofironconstruction,thiskindofaustereindustrialarchitectureutterlytransformedthelandscapeofnorthernBritain,leadingtothedescription,DarksatanicmillsofplaceslikeManchesterandpartsofWestYorkshire.TheCrystalPalacebyJosephPaxtonattheGreatExhibitionof1851wasanearlyexampleofironandglassconstruction;possiblythebestexampleisthedevelopmentofthetallsteelskyscraperinChicagoaround1890byWilliamLeBaronJenneyandLouisSullivan.Earlystructurestoemployconcreteasthechiefmeansofarchitecturalexpression(ratherthanforpurelyutilitarianstructure)includeFrankLloydWright'sUnityTemple,builtin1906nearChicago,andRudolfSteiner'sSecondGoetheanum,builtfrom1926nearBasel,Switzerland.OtherhistoriansregardModernismasamatteroftaste,areactionagainsteclecticismandthelavishstylisticexcessesofVictorianEraandEdwardianArtNouveau.Whateverthecause,around1900anumberofarchitectsaroundtheworldbegandevelopingnewarchitecturalsolutionstointegratetraditionalprecedents(Gothic,forinstance)withnewtechnologicalpossibilities.TheworkofLouisSullivanandFrankLloydWrightinChicago,VictorHortainBrussels,AntoniGaudiinBarcelona,OttoWagnerinViennaandCharlesRennieMackintoshinGlasgow,amongmanyothers,canbeseenasacommonstrugglebetweenoldandnew.2.ModernismasDominantStyleBythe1920sthemostimportantfiguresinModernarchitecturehadestablishedtheirreputations.ThebigthreearecommonlyrecognizedasLeCorbusierinFrance,andLudwigMiesvanderRoheandWalterGropiusinGermany.MiesvanderRoheandGropiuswerebothdirectorsoftheBauhaus,oneofanumberofEuropeanschoolsandassociationsconcernedwithreconcilingcrafttraditionandindustrialtechnology.FrankLloydWright'scareerparallelsandinfluencestheworkoftheEuropeanmodernists,particularlyviatheWasmuthPortfolio,butherefusedtobecategorizedwiththem.WrightwasamajorinfluenceonbothGropiusandvanderRohe,however,aswellasonthewholeoforganicarchitecture.In1932cametheimportantMOMAexhibition,theInternationalExhibitionofModernArchitecture,curatedbyPhilipJohnson.JohnsonandcollaboratorHenry-RussellHitchcockdrewtogethermanydistinctthreadsandtrends,identifiedthemasstylisticallysimilarandhavingacommonpurpose,andconsolidatedthemintotheInternationalStyle.Thiswasanimportantturningpoint.WithWorldWarIItheimportantfiguresoftheBauhausfledtotheUnitedStates,toChicago,totheHarvardGraduateSchoolofDesign,andtoBlackMountainCollege.WhileModernarchitecturaldesignneverbecameadominantstyleinsingle-dwellingresidentialbuildings,ininstitutionalandcommercialarchitectureModernismbecamethepre-eminent,andintheschools(forleadersoftheprofession)theonlyacceptable,designsolutionfromabout1932toabout1984.Architectswhoworkedintheinternationalstylewantedtobreakwitharchitecturaltraditionanddesignsimple,unornamentedbuildings.Themostcommonlyusedmaterialsareglassforthefacade,steelforexteriorsupport,andconcreteforthefloorsandinteriorsupports;floorplanswerefunctionalandlogical.Thestylebecamemostevidentinthedesignofskyscrapers.PerhapsitsmostfamousmanifestationsincludetheUnitedNationsheadquarters(LeCorbusier,OscarNiemeyer,SirHowardRobertson),theSeagramBuilding(LudwigMiesvanderRohe),andLeverHouse(Skidmore,Owings,andMerrill),allinNewYork.AprominentresidentialexampleistheLovellHouse(RichardNeutra)inLosAngeles.Detractorsoftheinternationalstyleclaimthatitsstark,uncompromisinglyrectangulargeometryisdehumanising.LeCorbusieroncedescribedbuildingsasmachinesforliving,butpeoplearenotmachinesanditwassuggestedthattheydonotwanttoliveinmachines.EvenPhilipJohnsonadmittedhewasboredwiththebox.Sincetheearly1980smanyarchitectshavedeliberatelysoughttomoveawayfromrectilineardesigns,towardsmoreeclecticstyles.Duringthemiddleofthecentury,somearchitectsbeganexperiment