Chapter-2-one

Chapter2InternationalDivisionofLaborYouaregoingtoknowInternationalDivisionofLaboranditsdevelopmentFormsofIDLFactorsaffectingIDLdevelopmentTheoriesonIDL§1.EmergenceandDevelopmentofInternationalDivisionofLabor1.1Whatisit？IDLreferstodivisionoflaboramongdifferentcountries.eachcountryspecializingintheproductionofparticulartypesofproductsRoleofinternationaldivisionoflabor1)IDListhebasisofinternationaltradedecisiveforformationofinternationaltradeinfluencingcompositionanddirectionofforeigntrade2)IDLpromotesthedevelopmentofthedomesticdivisionoflabor3)IDLhelpstoexpandtheworldmarket4)IDLaffectsthepatternofinternationaltrade.developedcountriescenter;high-techonologyindustry;moreprofitsdevelopingcountriesmarginal;labor-intensiveindustry;lessprofits1.2EvolvementProcess1)BuddingstageMid16c-mid18c11c:separationofhandicraftsfromagricultureendof15c-firsthalfof16c:AgeofDiscoveries&colonization---transitionfromhandicrafttomanipulatorymanufacture(工场手工业）result:theverticalinternationaldivisionoflaborbetweenSovereignstatesandcolonies2)Developmentperiod:1760’-1860’FirstIndustrialRevolutioninBritainMachineryIndustrydeepensthefoundationofinternationaldivisionoflabor.getmoredevelopingcountriesinvolvedhighproductivitynecessitatemarketexpansionnewmoderntransportationandcommunicationUK-thecentreforinternationaldivisionoflaborswitchfrommercantilismtofreetrademarginalregions:underdevelopedAsia,AfricaandLatinAmericaBulkgoodsappearedintheinternationalmarket.primarygoods:farmproduceandrawmaterials“在实质上，世界的五分之一是我们的自愿的进贡者；北美大平原和俄国是我们的谷物种植园；芝加哥和敖德萨是我们的粮仓；加拿大和波罗的海诸国是我们的森林；我们的羊群和牧场在澳洲；我们的牛群在美洲；秘鲁把它的白银提供给我们；加利福尼亚和澳洲以自己的黄金提供给我们；中国为我们种茶，而从印度把咖啡、茶叶和香料运到我们的海岸。法国和西班牙是我们的葡萄园；地中海沿岸是我们果园；我们从其他国家获得棉花”。3)Formationperiod:Mid19th-WWⅡsecondindustrialrevolutionAgroupofcountrieswasatthecentreofinternationaldivisionoflabor.othercountries:France,Germany,Japan,AmericaDivisionoflaborinsectionsamongdevelopedcountriesNorwayinaluminium;Belgiuminironandsteel;Finlandinwood;FinlandandDenmarkinlivestockproduct;AmericaingrainCountriesinAsia,AfricaandLatinAmericaformedasingleeconomy.involvedintheverticalIDLwiththosecentralcountriesTheinterdependenceoneachotherhasbeenstrengthened.§2NewInternationalDivisionofLaborNIDLisglobaldivisionoflaborassociatedwiththegrowthoftransnationalcompaniesandtheindustrializationoftheadvancedeconomies.1.Backgroundnewhigh-technologyindustriesglobalindustrialshiftFrom1953tothelate1990s,thedevelopingeconomies’sharewasmorethanquadrupledfrom5%to23%.ThecollapseofthecolonialsystemdevelopmentofnationaleconomyEconomicdevelopmentandcooperationwerevaluedaftertheColdWarended.MarketeconomydevelepedthroughouttheworldfreedomandopennessineconomicsystemTradesystemwasestablishedandstrengthened.2.Characteristics(1)ThefoundationofIDLdeepensindustrialstructureisadjustedandupgradedEconomicgloblizationdevelopsproduction,financial,monetary,investment,humanresource,management,organizationsMarketeconomyisacceptedopening-uppolicyParticipartionisexpandeddegreeofdependenceuponforeigntradedevelopedcountries:18.1%to25.9%developingones:27.9%to44.0%economictransitioncountries:30.7%to37.8%(2).FormsofIDLdiversify垂直型国际分工VerticalInternationalDivisionofLabor水平型国际分工HorizontalInternationalDivisionofLabour混合型国际分工MixedInternationalDivisionofLabourVerticalInternationalDivisionofLaborReferstoverticaldivisionoflaboramongcountrieswithdifferentlevelsofeconomicdevelopment,especiallythedivisionofmanufacturing,agriculture,miningbetweendevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountries在这种国际分工中，发达国家主要生产具有较高技术水平的工业制成品，而发展中国家则主要生产技术水平较低的农矿业初级产品。发达国家使发展中国家成为其工业品的销售市场和原料供应地，并凭借其在国际市场上的垄断地位，通过垄断价格在不等价交换中获取超额利润。HorizontalInternationalDivisionofLaborreferstohorizontaldivisionoflaboramongcountrieswithsimilarlevelofeconomicdevelopment,e.g.developed+developed,developing+developing在这种国际分工中，参加分工的各个国家都有类似的产业结构和技术水平，由于生产的专业化，既可以节省生产费用，使生产成本降低，又因使用专业设备生产而大大提高劳动生产率。internaldivisionoflaborwithinasection1.differentsizesandspecificationsofaproducte.g.Tractors(p19)2.differentpartsofaproduct,e.g.Boeing(p19)3.differenttechnicalprocessesofaproduct,e.g.Bayer(p19)混合型国际分工（MixedInternationalDivisionofLabour）mostcountriesintheworldareinvolvedinbothverticalandhorizontalinternationaldivisionoflabor,whichiscalledmixedinternationaldivisionoflabor.e.g.Germanyimportrawmaterialsfromthethirdworldandexportmanufacturedgoodstothosecountries,whileitimportsmachinaryequipmentaswellassparepartsfromotherdevelopedcountriesandmakesinvestmentinwesternEuropeancaptalistcountries.外包型OutsourcingModelcontractingoutsomebusinessesorservicestoaforeignfirm,whichacompanymayhavepreviouslyperformedinternally是指在讲究专业分工的二十世纪末，企业为维持组织的核心竞争能力(corecompetitiveness)，可将组织的非核心业务委派给外部的专业公司，以降低营运成本，集中人力资源，提高顾客满意度。amovie:theworldisflat立体型tridimensionaldivisionoflabortheoverallsystemofhorizontalandverticaldivisionoflaborco-existingthroughtoutthewholeworld.3.PatternshierarchicalizedDevelopedcountriesarestillatthecentrer.technology,globalmanufacturingandmarketingsystemSomedevelepingcountriesaremovingtowardthecentre.e.g.BRICcountriesFourlittl