08级考试资料《跨文化交际》

1跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料I.Giveabriefdefinitionsofthefollowingterms(名词解释)1.Non-verbalcommunicationItreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesfsignalcomeintoplay,includingthewaywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewear,thedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.2.privacyprivacy:Itcouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividualtoself-determinationastothedegreetowhichtheindividualiswillingtosharewithothersinformationabouthimselfthatmaybecompromisedbyunauthorizedexchangeofsuchinformationamongotherindividualsororganizations.3.slangWordsandexpressionswhichareregardedasveryinformalandsoarenotconsideredsuitableforformalsocialsituationsorseriouswriting.4.collectivistcultureCollectivistculturesplacelittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Theyhavebeenlabeledas“we”culturesbecausebasicunitisthein-grouporcollective.5.cultureshockcultureshock：Itisapsychologicalphenomenonthatisexperiencedmostoftenbythosewho,whethervoluntarilyorinvoluntarily,intheprocessofadjustingthemselvestoanewculture.6.proverbProverbsarethosepopularshortsayingscontainingwordsofadviceorwarning—areanimportantpartofthelanguageandcultureofasociety.7.interculturalcommunication.8.IndividualCultureIndividualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.9.CultureCulturemeans:(a)Thearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornation.(b).Thebeliefs,values,behaviorandmaterialobjectsthatconstituteapeople'swayoflife.10.ProxemicsProxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspace11.Norms2Normsrefertorulesforappropriatebehavior,whichprovidetheexpectationspeoplehaveofoneanotherandofothers.Normsaretheoutwardmanifestationsofbeliefsandvalues.12.IndividualismIndividualismreferstothedoctrinethattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,right,anddutiesoriginateinindividuals.Itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence，individualexpression,andevenprivacy.13.ParalanguageThesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtocommunicateattitudesorothershadesofmeaning.14.Low-contextcultureCulturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlow-context.II.Answerthefollowingquestions(简答题)1.Givesomebasicrulesofboysorgirlsinteraction2.DescribethedifferentwaysinshowinghospitalitybetweenChinesecultureandwesterncultureChineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay'no',weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores'no',weillacceptit.Chineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitality.Whilewesternersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’ttopress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.3.WhatarethedifferencesonreceivinggiftsbetweenChineseandwesterner?IntheWest,itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.InChina,thesituationisquitethereverse.NormallyweChinesefeelthatifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Therefore,Chinesepeopletendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.InChina,manypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside,andthereceiverwillthankthesenderandputthegiftasidewithoutunwrappingthemsincetheyalreadyknowwhatisinside.Englishreceiversopenthegiftsinfrontofthesendersofthegifts.4.Explaintheterm“interculturalcommunicationcompetence”anditsthreecomponents.3Theinterculturalcompetencereferstotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture.Interculturalcommunicativecompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparableinreality.Theinterrelatednessofcognitive,affective,andoperationalcomponentsisveryimportantintheimprovementofthecommunicator’sinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.Therearealsothreeaspectsintermsofaffectivecomponents:adaptationmotivation,Identityflexibilityandestheticco-orientation,Thecognitiveaspectsofinterculturalcommunicationcompetencearethementalcapacitiesofcomprehensionandabilitytounderstandthemeaningsofvariousverbalandnonverbalcodes.OperationalcomponentsarethatIndividuals’capacitytoexpresscognitiveandaffectiveexperiencesoutwardlyisshownthroughspecificbehaviors.1.TheobstaclesofstudyingInterculturalcommunication2.WhydomanyChinesepeopletendtoaskaboutage,martialstatus,andevensalarywhenfirstmeetingoneanother?Tothem,theseareopenconversationaltopics.Knowingaperson’sagehelpsthemuseappropriatetermsofaddress.AndChinesepeoplepayalotofattentiontofamilylife,sonaturallytalkoffamilymem