英语语言学

语言学知识点I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论I语言学导论1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication1.designfeatureoflanguage语言定义特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)1）Arbitrariness(任意性):定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimer2）Duality（二层性）:定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discourses3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark举例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.4）Displacement（替代性）:定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩3.Designfeature定义特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)如何记忆:五性，创意遗传4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobeImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例：Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.举例：研究1800年的英语发音Synchronicstudies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900的法语语法变化Diachronicstudies(历时研究)2.世界语言分类Languagefamily语系languagegroup语族Languagebranch语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼语支2.世界语言分类Languagefamily语系languagegroup语族Languagebranch语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily印欧语系Germanicgroup日耳曼语族WestBranch西日耳曼语支英语，德语NorthBranch瑞典语，丹麦语--Celticgroup凯尔特语族NorthCelticgroup北凯尔特语支爱尔兰语，盖尔语SouthCelticgroup南凯尔特语支威尔士语Romangroup罗曼语族WestRomanGroup西罗曼语支法语，西班牙语等东支罗马尼亚语Slavicgroup斯拉夫语族WestSlavicgroup斯拉夫语西支波兰语，捷克语东支俄语ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangueImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例：汉语系统langue每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语paroleImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）theorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)1）按研究内容来分2）按研究导向来分语言学分类-按研究内容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics语言内部问题Macro-linguistics语言与外部世界关系问题语言学分类-按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)Macro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社会语言学Language&MindPsycholinguistics心理语言学Language&Cultureanthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Language&ComputerComputationalLinguistics计算机语言学语言学分类-按研究导向分LinguisticsTheoreticalLinguisticsLinguisticnature,universalrulesAppliedLinguisticslanguageacquisition,teaching,assessment语言学分类-按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)语言学分类-按研究内容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)考点:1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音3.音系学重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.语音学分类articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiver’sreception如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强HowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgansPositionofthevocalfolds(声带):voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)Voiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音:[b,z,d]Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.As