语言学Chapter+2+phonetics+and__+phonology

Lecture2PhoneticsandPhonologyByZhangMingfangSchoolofForeignLanguages,HEBUSTI.PhoneticsHumanbeingsarecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem.(Whatsoundscanwemake?)Theclassofpossiblespeechsoundsisnotonlyfinite,butalsouniversal.Anyhumanisabletopronouncethesesounds,regardlessofracialorculturalbackground.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced产生,transmitted传递,andperceived感知.SpeechtransmissionSubfieldsinphoneticsArticulatoryPhonetics(发音语音学)isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhonetics(声学语音学)isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.PerceptualorAuditoryPhonetics(听觉语音学)isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Phoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundandisconcernedwithdefiningandclassifyingspeechsoundsaccordingtohowtheyareproduced,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.ArticulationofSoundsAwiderangeofphysicalactivityisinvolvedintheproductionofthespeechsoundsinhumanlanguage.Vocalorgansoftenarticulateormoveagainsteachotherintheproductionofspeech.Vocalorgansrefertoallthepartsofthehumanbodythatarerelatedtospeechproduction.(Whatvocalorgansdoweusewhenproducingsounds?)VocalOrgans(3resonatingcavities)articulatoryapparatuspharyngealcavitythroatOralcavitymouthNasalcavitynoseLungs肺Trachea气管VocalFolds(withintheLarynx喉)Pharynx咽NasalCavity鼻腔Oralcavity口腔VocalfoldsPositionsofthevocalfoldsClosed,vibrateVoicedApartVoiclessTotallyclosedGlotalstopTheTranscriptionofSoundsPhoneticianstrytotranscribethesoundsasaccuratelyaspossible,i.e.byrecordingallthearticulatorydetailsthatexistinspeech.Sincethesixteenthcentury,effortshavebeenmadetodeviseauniversalsystemfortranscribingthespeechsounds.TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886,andthefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAugust1888.TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(Revisedto2005)P28Abroadtranscriptionisonethatonlytakesaccountofthesounddifferencesthatareimportanttodistinguishwordsfromeachotherinalanguage.Abroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Thesubstitutionofpfortdoesmakeadifferenceofword:pin/pin/andtin/tin/aredifferentwordsinEnglish.BroadandNarrowTranscriptionAnarrowtranscriptionistheuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetail.Anarrowtranscriptionisatranscriptionwithlettersymbolstogetherwithdiacritics.E.g.lamb[a]—[ā](nasalization);peak[ph];speak[p=](WhatisthedifferencebetweentheminEnglish?)Consonantsareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.Vowelisproducedwithoutsuch“structure”sothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose.(Crystal,1997:154)Thedistinctionbetweenthemliesintheobstructionofairstream.ConsonantsvsvowelsDescriptionofconsonantsHowdoyoudescribe(classify)theconsonantssuchas[p],[b],[s],[z]?Whendescribingindividualsoundsegments,phoneticiansandlinguistsoftenemploytwoparameterstoexaminehowsoundsarearticulated:mannerofarticulationandplaceofarticulation.(P30)Themannerofarticulation:theactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofvocaltract.(1)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(2)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;(3)theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.Theplaceofarticulation:whereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.(theplaceofobstruction)MannerofArticulationThemannerofarticulationisveryimportantduringtheproductionofthesound.Itisbasedonthesizeoftheairpassage.(24consonants)DescribethesixgroupsrespectivelyaccordingtomannerofarticulationMannerofArticulation(1)Stops/plosives（闭塞音或破裂音）suchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]—completeclosure,completelyobstructed.(2)Nasals[n][]---velumlowered,air-streamthroughthenose(3)Fricatives（摩擦音）suchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[],[∫],[],[h]—closeapproximation,partiallyobstructed,turbulentairflow,audiblefriction.(4)Affricates（塞擦音）suchas[t∫],[d]—astop+africative(5)Liquides[l][r]—nofriction(6)Glides/semi-vowelsuchas[w],[j]—littleornofriction,glidetowardsorawayfromaneighboringvowelMannerofArticulationPlaceofArticulationTheplaceofarticulationisanotherwaytoobservehowsoundsarearticulated.Whendescribingtheplaceofarticulation,weusuallyconsidertheplacewithinthevocaltractwherethearticulatorsformastructure.11placesofarticulation(1)Bilabial双唇音[p],[b],[m],[w](2)Labio-dental唇齿音[f],[v](3)Dental齿音[θ],[](4)Alveolar齿龈音[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r](5)Palatal腭音[∫],[],[t∫],[d],[j](6)Velar软腭音[k],[g],[](7)Glottal喉音[h]Placesofarticulation(P32,33)AchartofEnglishconsonants(P35)DescriptionsofEnglishconsonants[p]voicelessbilabialstop[z]voicedalveolarfricativeVowelsIntheproductionofvowels,thereisnoobstructionofairasisthecasewithconsonants.HowdoyouclassifyEnglishvowelsanddescribethem?E.g.i,u,a...Fourparameters:(1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);(2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,ce