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呼吸生理与呼吸力学首都儿科研究所宋国维儿科门户网站主要内容•肺换气•肺通气•呼吸力学TerminalairwayTerminalbronchioleAlveolarductRespiratorybronchiolesSmoothmuscleAlveoliPerfusionofthealveoliCapillariesTerminalbronchioleBranchofpulmonaryarteryAlveolusBranchofpulmonaryveinRespiratorybronchioleAlveolardesignAqueouslayerAqueousmacrophageLamellabody(storessurfactant)Typellpneumocyte-liningcell(producessurfactant)TypelLiningcellCapillaryCO2O2O2运输血浆溶解O21.5%(1mmHg0.003ml)血红蛋白结合O298.5%(1g1.34ml)CO2运输血浆溶解CO27~10%化学结合CO220~30%(HbCO2)血浆HCO360~70%大气成分气体浓度%N278.6O220.9CO20.04H2O0.46气体分压•分压=总压x浓度(%)•大气压=760mmHg•氧分压=760x20.9=158.8mmHg•二氧化碳分压=760x0.04=0.30mmHg肺泡气体分压PACO2=40mmHgPAO2=(760-47)x20.9%-PACO2/呼吸商=150–50=100mmHg氧解离曲线影响氧解离曲线因素影响氧解离曲线因素氧解离曲线位移的意义•PCO2曲线右移•PCO240mmHg80mmHgSO275%65%10%O2组织细胞•PCO2(肺内)SO2LungVentilation/PerfusionRatios•Functionally:–Alveoliatapexareunderperfused(overventilated).–Alveoliatthebaseareunderventilated(overperfused).Insertfig.16.24Figure16.24PO2=40PCO2=45NormalVA/QLowVA/QHighVA/QCO2=45PO2=150PCO2=0PO2=100PCO2=40PO2=150PCO2=0...VentilationPerfusionRatiosNoflowPO2=40PCO2=45LowVA/Q.NormalVA/Q.PO2=100PCO2=40HighVA/Q.PO2=150PCO2=0PO2(mmHg)PCO2(mmHg)5010015050BaseApex肺容量•潮气量(VT)•深吸气量(IC)•补呼气量(ERV)•肺活量(VC)•功能残气量(FRC)•残气量(RV)•肺总量(TLC)VTExpiratoryReserveInspiratoryReserveFRCInspiratoryCapacityResidualVolumeVitalCapacityExpiratoryReserveResidualVolumeVitalCapacityVTInspiratoryReserveFRCInspiratoryCapacityTLCRVRVICVTIRFRCERVC肺通气(1)•解剖死腔•肺泡死腔•生理死腔(VD)=解剖死腔+肺泡死腔•VD=(PaCO2-PECO2)/PaCO2xVTPECO2:呼出气平均CO2浓度肺通气(2)•肺通气量=VTxf•肺泡通气量=(VT–VD)xf•肺泡CO2浓度=CO2产量/肺泡通气量肺泡通气量PACO2PaCO2肺泡通气量PACO2PaCO2呼吸力学•弹性阻力•非弹性阻力•时间常数•内源性呼气末正压气体流动高压低压呼吸肌是动力•克服弹性阻力肺泡弹力纤维表面张力•克服非弹性阻力MechanicsofBreathingFigure7-1FromJ.B.West,RespiratoryPhysiology:TheEssentials(8thed.),2008,usedwithpermissionbyLippincottWilliams&WilkinsAnatomyofPleuralSacTakenfromSherwood,HumanPhysiology:FromCellstoSystems,5thEdAirliquidSURFACEPolarH2OmoleculesattractSurfacetension肺表面张力表面张力液体薄层肺泡腔液面压力where:P=pressureST=surfacetensionr=radiusofthebubbleP=2ST/rLaplaceslawP=2x1=0.210P=2x1=0.45105ConnectedbubblesAlveoliasbubblesFigure7-7FromJ.B.West,RespiratoryPhysiology:TheEssentials(8thed.),2008,usedwithpermissionbyLippincottWilliams&WilkinsFigure7-3FromJ.B.West,RespiratoryPhysiology:TheEssentials(8thed.),2008,usedwithpermissionbyLippincottWilliams&WilkinsSalineAirVonNeergaardFigure7-5FromJ.B.West,RespiratoryPhysiology:TheEssentials(8thed.),2008,usedwithpermissionbyLippincottWilliams&Wilkins呼吸压力•胸内压胸膜腔内的压力•肺内压肺泡内压力•经胸廓压肺内压与体表压之差值•经肺压肺内压与胸内压之差值•经胸壁压胸内压与体表压之差值PA(cmH2O)+1-10+0.5-0.50AirFlow(L/s)1234time(sec)-5-8Ppl(cmH2O)ThelinearDashedtraceisthePplrequiredtoovercomerecoilforces.MorePpl(solidcurve)isrequiredtoovercomeairwayresistancetoflow.N.B.P=PA-PBResist•Flow.VT(L)0.400.2RespiratoryCycleInspirationExpiration-5-8-8-6-5RestFRCInspirationEndInspiration+00-AirFlowPA=0PplExpirationtimeRespiratoryCycleSingleVTBreathPB=0顺应性•定义单位压力改变时容积的改变•公式C=⊿V/⊿P•肺顺应性C肺=肺⊿V/经肺⊿P•胸壁顺应性C胸壁=肺⊿V/经胸壁⊿P•呼吸系统顺应性C总=肺⊿V/经胸廓⊿P•关系1/C总=1/C肺+1/C胸壁。StaticComplianceCurves-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-202NormalVTFRCNPleuralPressure,Ppl(cmH2O)LungVolumeExpirationInspiration-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-202Fibrosis(lowcompliance)NormalEmphysema(highcompliance)VTFRCNVTFRCFVTFRCEPleuralPressure,Ppl(cmH2O)LungVolume最佳PEEP曲线的下拐点吸气过程中,肺泡复张,肺容量增大,顺应性改善在呼吸周期中,反复出现肺泡复张,由于“剪切力”的作用,会造成肺组织损伤PEEP值高于下拐点,减少剪切力的损伤,对肺是一种保护这样设置减少肺损伤,改善氧合,又可减少PEEP的副作用,应称为“最佳PEEP”对“拐点”的新认识•吸气过程中肺泡复张是一个连续的过程,开始是肺上部肺泡复张,随着吸气量的增加,肺的下垂部分的肺泡逐渐复张•拐点的测定和估算一般是在PV曲线的吸气支上进行,而PEEP与呼气支关系更密切•上拐点仅表明肺泡复张的数量减少而不一定与肺泡过度扩张或受到过度牵拉有关•将PEEP设置在下拐点之上,不能有效减少剪切力对肺的损伤ARDSNETVentilatorManagement•AnticipatedPEEPsettingsatvariousFIO2requirements•FiO20.30.40.40.50.50.60.70.70.70.80.90.90.91.0•PEEP558810101012141414161820–24•MaintainSaO2/SpO288–95%顺应性的应用•肺病逐渐加重,顺应性随之下降•轻度病变,吸气压10~15cmH2O•中度病变,15~20cmH2O•重度病变,25~30cmH2O非弹性阻力•粘性阻力肺形变,组织间产生的磨擦阻力,10~20%•气道阻力气流通过气道时遇到的磨擦阻力,80%气流分类•层流•湍流Reynold’s数值=2V’rp/η2300有湍流4000全湍流r半径p密度η黏度V’流速Figure7-12FromJ.B.West,RespiratoryPhysiology:TheEssentials(8thed.),2008,usedwithpermissionbyLippincottWilliams&Wilkins气道阻力(R)•定义R=⊿P/V’(⊿P气道口与肺内压之差,V’气体流速)•层流R=8ηL/πr4(η气体黏度,L管道长度,π圆周率,r管道半径)•湍流R=V’fLη/π2r5(f磨擦系数)•小气道R20%Figure7-14FromJ.B.West,RespiratoryPhysiology:TheEssentials(8thed.),2008,usedwithpermissionbyLippincottWilliams&Wilkins气道阻力与顺应性•条件机械通气潮气量(VT)•顺应性计算有效动态顺应性动态顺应性静态顺应性顺应性计算•有效动态顺应性=VT/Ppeak•动态顺应性=VT/P1•静态顺应性=VT/Pplat有效动态顺应性•易于监测•包括了弹性阻力及非弹性阻力因素•PpeakP1Pplat意义不同•ARDS吸气末平台压≤30cmH2O时间常数•不能单从吸气压和顺应性去估计潮气量的大小,必须考虑时间因素•计算时间常数=顺应性X阻力•举例婴儿顺应性2ml/cmH2O,阻力40cmH2O/L/s时间常数=0.002L/cmH2OX40cmH2O/L/s=0.08s•意义1个时间常数63%VT3个时间常数95%VT5个时间常数100%VT内源性PEEP•定义呼气末肺泡内仍保持正压,这一压力称为内源性PEEP•原因时间常数延长而呼气时间不足•内源性PEEP的危害•增加呼吸功患儿吸气时,需先克服内源性PEEP•肺损伤内源性PEEP的作用下,肺泡过度膨胀,易产生肺压力伤•影响心功能由于内源性PEEP的存在,胸腔内压升高,增加肺血管阻力,减少回心血量,可同时影响左、右心的功能内源性PEEP的处理•调节呼吸机参数增加呼气时间,减少潮气量,降低呼吸频率•清理气道分泌物•支气管舒张剂•适当应用PEEP(内源性PEEP值的75%)观点•呼吸力学知识对使用呼吸机有指导作用•密切观察患儿临床变化,及时按规矩调节呼吸机•个人经验谢谢!
本文标题:呼吸生理与呼吸力学
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