英语语法词性和句子成分

英语基础语法复习巩固一、词性的分类一、词性的分类词类又叫词性（partofspeech），英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。1名词nounn.2代词pronounpron.3形容词adjectiveadj.4副词adverbadv.5动词verbv.6数词numeralnum.7冠词articleart.8介词prepositionprep.9连词conjunctionconj.10感叹词interjectioninterj.其他词性缩写•c=可数名词，countablenoun的缩写•u=不可数名词，uncountablenoun的缩写•pl=复数，plural的缩写•vi=不及物动词，intransitiveverb的缩写•vt=及物动词，transitiveverb的缩写you你happy高兴的three三quickly迅速地student学生cut砍、割a一个at在...and和oh哦pron.adj.num.adv.n.v.art.prep.conj.interj.(感叹词)Ex.Writedownthepartofspeechofthefollowingwords:十大词类名词----------表示人或事物的名称形容词-------表示人或事物的特征副词----------修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词动词----------表示动作或状态代词----------代替名词、数词数词----------表示数量或顺序冠词----------限制名词的意义介词-------表示名词、代词和其他词的关系连词-------连接词与词或句与句二、英语句子成分（一）主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子所说的是：“什么人”或“什么事物”1.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.2.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.3.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.4.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.1.一般位于句首或谓语之前。Isyourfatheralawyeroradoctor?Hasshegotabigflat?Shallwehaveaswimwithyourfriends?2.疑问句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后Sitdown,please.Comein,please.3.祈使句中主语常省略Gonearethedayswhenfarmersliveinthepoorhouses.Nosoonerhadshegivenhimawelcomethanshewentintopreparehimameal.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.Thereisaclockonthewall.OncetherelivedakingcalledLear.Theregoesthebell!倒装句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后Therebe结构中主语在be动词之后（名词）（代词）（数词）（动名词）（从句）1.One-thirdisproduced.2.Runningdoesgoodtothehealth.3.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.4.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.5.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.8.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（不定式）（名词化的形容词）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）1.Honestisafinequalityofhumanbeingsandthereforeweshouldnottelllies.2.Helpothersistohelpourselves.3.DoalotofhouseworkdayandnightmadeCatherinebecomeweakerandweaker.4.Liuxianggotthefirstplaceinthe2004OlympicGamesshockedpeopleallovertheworld.5.Inmyopinion,visituniversitiesisjustapopularculture.单句改错（只有一处错误）。（二）谓语：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Shetakesgoodcareofhersickmother.2、复合谓语：（1）情态动词+动词原形。HecanspeakFrenchveryfluently.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.（2）系动词+表语。Thefilmisinteresting.Helookedabitexcited.6.ItiswarmherealltheyearroundbecauseGuangzhoulocatedinthemiddleofGuangdongprovince.7.TogetpreparedfortheAsianGames,Guangzhoubuilt82sportscourtssofar.8.Itnotonlyhavealotofhigh-risebuilding,butisalsofamousforthescenicspots.9.Canitattractsthetouristsfromhomeandabroad?单句改错（只有一处错误）。（三）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Pleasetakethemtothewaitingroom.3.Ihavethree.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Maryenjoysplayingthepiano.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词）（代词）（数词）（名词化形容词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（从句）（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.Weconsidertheanswerwrong.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。1.YangLiweiisanastronaut.2.That’sallIwanttotellyou.3.Threetimesfouristwelve.4.Theweatherhasturnedwarm.5.Thespeechisexcitingandthestudentsareexcited.6.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.7.MyjobistoteachEnglish.8.Ourteacherisn’tin.Heisout.9.Heisingoodhealth.10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.系动词：描述稳定状态：be描述变化或结果：get,become,turn,grow,go,prove,fall描述表象或感官效果：look,appear,seem,smell,taste,sound,feel,描述持续状态：keep,stay,remain,（五）定语：起修饰作用，翻译成“……的”1.Heisacleverboy.2.Yourhairneedscutting.3.There’sonlyonewaytodoit.4.Thereisababygirl.5.Wecannotusesleepingpillsatrandom.6.Theretiredworkerfindlifeboring.7.That’sthewaytodoit.8.ThisisamapofChina.9.Canyouhelpmetocleantheroomabove.10.Thecarthat’sparkedoutsideismine.状语(副词)的位置：1.ShespeaksFrenchfluently.2.Iusuallyeatbreakfastathome.3.Youneedn’talwayshelpme.4.Heisalwayscomplaining.5.Thelocalpeopleareverykindtothevisitors.6.Theroomisbigenoughtohold80people.7.Heneverstudies.Instead,heplaysallday.谓语(+宾语)后频度副词位于被修饰动词前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。被修饰词前(enough特殊)修饰全句或起连接作用的副词放在句首（六）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）状语的种类：6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（七）补足语：宾语补足语:补充说明宾语，使句意完整。1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Pleaselethimin.4.Theteacheradvisedthestudentstohavearest.5.Iseeherenteringasupermarket.6.Hejusthadhishaircut.划分句子成份1.Themachinerunssmoothly.2.Whyhediditwillremainapuzzleforever.3.Theyhavesetupanetworkoffinancialadvicecentre.4.Mr.Chen,thedirectorofGrade3,isknownforhishumor.5.Themanwenttotheshopwithallthemoneyhehad.6.Helefthereatsixinthemorninginordertocatchtheplane.7.OurEnglishteacher,MsWang,isverykindtous.8.Tooursurprise,hehaschangedgreatly.9.Itisnotagoodideatodriveforfourhourswithoutabreak.10.Shewasthesecondtoenterthereadingroom.11.Hishairhasturnedgray,andlineshaveappearedonhisface.12.Sheislookingintothe