Grammar Attributive Clause 定语从句

Unit1CulturalrelicsGrammar:AttributiveClause一、关系代词:1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）ThemanwhoItalkedwithisourteacher.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)InoddedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomInoddedisProfessorLi.3.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.DoyoufindthepenwithwhichIwrotejustnow?Doyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow?4.that指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Heistheman.Itoldyouabouthim.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.注意：介词提前时只能用which而不能用that。that指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?fromthatthat和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时。(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.Wemetheryesterday.ThescientistØwemetyesterdayisveryfamouswhointheworld.whomthat(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedressthatsheiswearingisnew.whichØ(3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonthatIhaveeverworkedwith.whowhomØThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Ø二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。whenwherewhy1、关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：a)我仍然记得我参军的那一天。①Istillremembertheday.②OnthatdayIjoinedthearmy.IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.或IstillrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.b)这就是我们去年住的房屋。①Thisisthehouse.②Welivedinitlastyear.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehousewhichwelivedinlastyear.c)你知道他迟到的原因吗？①Doyouknowthereason?②Hewaslateforthatreason.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?或Doyouknowthereasonforwhichhewaslate?2、当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when,where,why来引导定语从句。例如：这是我们去年参观的地方。······①这是我们去年工作的地方。······②a)vt.vi.①Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.②Thisistheplacewhereweworkedlastyear.我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。b)①IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.②Istillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether.三、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例1.Isthisthemuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?例2.Isthismuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theoneBD1.限定性定语从句是对先行词起限定作用的。去掉这个从句则整句话不完整或不成立。Eg:Hewhodoesn’tgototheGreatWallisnotatrueman.-----Heisnotatrueman.不完整四、限定性、非限定性定语从句ThemooncakethathasegginitisthemooncakewhichIlikebest.-----Themooncakeisthemooncake.不成立大多数定语从句是限定性定语从句。2.非限定性定语从句是对先行词起解释、说明作用的。去掉这个从句整句话仍成立。常被逗号隔开。Eg:Ihaveadog,whichcandomanythingsforme.注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义1.Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）2.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含：不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含：没有不带插图的书。）在非限制性定语从句中as与which可以在整个主句作为其先行词指代上面或下面说的一件事，从意义上来看which(=andthis/that)as(=inaccordancewithwhat)E.g.:Heisateacher,which(=as)isclearfromhismanner或Heisateacher,as(=which)canbeseenfromhismanner.Thestudentforgottobringhisdictionary,asisoftenthecase.（此句中as不能用which代。）从as,which在非限制性定语从句中的位置和作用来看as引导的从句可置于主句之前，亦可置于主句之后，which一般置于主句之后。定语从句判断步骤：（1）判断出先行词（2）确定关系代词在从句中所担任的成分（3）确定关系代词的人称和数★定从的时态不受主句的限制Thewomanwho/thatwasspokentoyesterdayismymother.定语从句的辨认与使用（1）找出先行词a.确定关系代词的人称、数和性b.确定从句位置(一般在先行词之后)（2）确定关系代词在从句中所担任的成分以确定关系代词的格（3）确定从句时态定语从句注意事项1.what不引导定语从句IwanttogiveyouwhatIhave.(宾语从句）2.先行词被thesame修饰时，关系代词既可用that,也可用as.但意义不同，前者表示“同一的”，后者表示“同样的”。3.关系副词when，wherewhy其含义相当于onwhich,inwhich,forwhich等可交替使用。4.当先行词为专有名词或整个句子是世界上独一无二的名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。Thesun,whichgivesuslight,isverybig.1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome____Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where高考链接解析：本题考查定语从句。解本题得关键是要先找准先行词“thehours”,然后理解关系副词“when”本身在其引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。答案C.2.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_______had’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which高考链接解析：这是一个定语从句。定语从句的先行词为windows。有的考生误认为前文提到windows,应用those代替而选B。但those不可用做关系代词引导定语从句。由于横线处前有介词of不能选that。答案D3.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase，____wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose高考链接解析：此题四个代选项中都有price这一词语，要表示Chinesevase的价格，所以关系代词语先行词分隔。“itsprice”不表示所有格；由于whose本身就可作定语，不需再用of属格。故A、C、D三项均应排除。答案B.4.He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituation____heislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why高考链接解析：先行词situ