中国传统文化--风筝

中国传统文化THECHINESETRADITIONALCULTURE风筝KITE毛远洋JOHNSONMAOSanlihe#3ElementarySchoolBeijing,China风筝的起源TheOriginofKite风筝最早是中国人发明的.Chineseinventedthefirstkite.古时称为“鹞”yào，北方称为“鸢”yuān.Inancienttime,kitewascalled“sparrowhawkandalsowaswellknownasgledeinnorthernregionofChina.春秋战国时，东周哲人墨翟（公元前478-392年），曾“费时三年，以木制木鸢，飞升天空．”。墨子在鲁山（今山东潍坊境内），“斫木为鹞，三年而成，飞一日而败”。这是说墨子研究试制了三年，终于用木板制成了一只木鸟，但只飞了一天就坏了。墨子制造的这只“木鹞”（或“木鸢”）就是中国最早的风筝，也是世界上最早的风筝。（约纪元前300年左右），距今已有二千四百年。IntheSpringandAutumnPeriodinChina,therewasaphilosophernamed“MoQu”(478-392B.C.)intheEasternZhouDynasty.Hespentthreeyearsmadeawoodengledethatcouldflyintheair.HefliedhiswoodenkiteinShandongProvinceofChina,butitcrashedjustinoneday.ThatwoodengledewasthefirstkiteinChinaandalsosameintheworld.It’sovertwothousandandfourhundredyearsfromnow.墨子把制风筝的事业传给了他的学生公输班（也称鲁班），＜墨子‧鲁问篇＞中说，鲁班根据墨翟的理想和设计，用竹子做风筝。鲁班把竹子劈开削光滑，用火烤弯曲，做成了喜鹊的样子，称为「木鹊」，在空中飞翔达三天之久。＜鸿书＞上说：“公输班制木鸢以窥宋城”。MoQutaughthisstudentLuBanhowtomakeakite.Accordingtoanancientbook“MoZi”,LuBaninheritedhisteacher’sskillandcreatedhisowndesignofabambookite.Hesplitbamboointostrips,heatedthemwithfireandshapedthem.Hemadeamagpieshapedbambookite.Thatkitewasabletoflyintheskyforthreedays.Thehistoricalbook“HongShu”said,LuBanmadeakitetospyneighborSong’sterritoryformilitarypurpose.风筝的用途UsageofKite最初风筝常被利用为军事工具，用于三角测量信号、天空风向测查和通讯的手段。Kitewasusedformilitarypurposeinitially,likemeasuringdistanceandlocatingtarget,testingwind,andsendingsignalforcommunications.据古书记载：“五代李郑于宫中作纸鸢，引线乘风为戏，后于鸢首以竹为，使风入竹，声如筝鸣，故名风筝。”故而不能发出声音的叫“纸鸢”，能发出声音的叫“风筝”Accordingtoanancientbooks:IntheperiodofFiveDynastiesinChina,LiZhengmadeakiteinimperialpalace.Abamboowhistlewastiedtoapaperkite.ItmadesoundlikeZheng(a21-25stringpluckedinstrument)whilewindpassedthrough.Sincethen,kitesthatcouldnotgiveoutsoundcalled“paperglede”,otherswerecalled“FengZheng”(Fengmeanswind,Zhengisthemusicinstrument).宋张择端的《清明上河图》，宋苏汉臣的《百子图》里都有放赐筝的生动景象。SongDynastyartistZhangZeduandemonstratedavividlyimageofplayingkiteintheancienttimeonhispanoramicpainting“AlongtheRiverDuringtheQingmingFestival”;andSuHanchenfromthesameperiodoftimedidthesameonhispaintingof“HundredKids”.唐代时，风筝传入朝鲜、日本等周边国家.十三世纪时，意大利马可·波罗自中国返欧后，中国风筝始传到世界各地。InTangDynasty,kitewasintroducedtoChina'sneighboringcountrieslikeKoreaandJapan.In13thcentury,anItalianexplorerMarcoPolointroducedkitetoEurope,andsincethen,kitewasintroducedtoallovertheworld.唐代诗人高骈写有《风筝》一诗：“夜静弦声响碧空，宫商信任入来风；依稀似曲才堪听，又被风吹别调中。”TangDynastypoetGaoPian’spoem-“Kite”:“Stringssoundtheblueskyinasilentnight,Windbringstunescomingright;Vaguelyresemblesamelodytolisten,Alsoitmistsintobreezemight.”风筝的制作风筝的形状：主要是模仿大自然的生物，如雀鸟、昆虫、动物及几何立体等;而图案方面，主要由个人喜好而设计，有动物、蝶、飞鸟等，琳琅种种。风筝的建造材料除了丝绢、纸张外，还有塑胶材料造的，骨杆有竹篾，木材及胶棒等。HowtomakeakiteShapesofkite：Designsoftenemulatenaturalcreatures,likeinsects,birds,animalsandthree-dimensionalforms.Graphicdeignsarevariousbasedonindividualinterests,suchaspromotionalmarks,animals,butterflies,birds,andetc.Kitesaremainlymadewithsilk,paper,andalsocanbemadebyplasticmaterials.Kites’framescanbemadewithbamboostrips,woodenmaterialsandglue.风筝用细竹扎成骨架，再糊以纸或绢，系以长线，利用风力升入空中。Tomakeakite,youneedtomakeaframefirst.Framesusuallymadewiththinbamboostrips.Next,pastepaperorsilkontoframe,thentiealongthread.Itfliesintotheskybywindforce.风筝的种类主要分为“硬膀”和“软翅”两类，“硬膀”风筝翅膀坚硬，吃风大，飞的高；“软翅”风筝柔软，飞不高，但飞的远。Therearetwomajortypesofkites-“hard-wings”and“soft-wings”.Kiteswithhardwingsflyhigherthanthekiteswithsoftwings,becausehardwingscanstandgreaterwind-pressure.However,thekiteswithsoftwingsflyfurther.传统的中国风筝技艺包括“扎、糊、绘、放”“扎”即要达到对称，左右吃风面积相当，又包括：选、劈、弯、削、接；“糊”即要保证全体平整，干净利落，又包括：选、裁、糊、边、校；“绘”即要做到远眺清楚，近看真实的效果，又包括：色、底、描、染、修；“放”即要依据风力调整提线角度，又包括：风、线、放、调、收。TechniquesformakingTraditionalChineseKites:“Tie,Paste,Paint,Fly”“Tie”-makeaframe.Needtomakeitsymmetrical,balance,sothatbothwingswillreceivesameairpressure.Include:select,split,shape,chop,andconnect；“Paste”-glueapieceofpaperorsilkontotheframe.Needtomakeitflatandneat.Include:select,cut,glue,edgecheck,andadjust；“Paint”-drawanimage.Needtopaintclearimagewithdetails,sothatitcanbeseenfromfaraway,andlooksvivid.Include：color,background,trace,paint,andmodify；“Fly”-flyakite.Needtoadjuststring’sangleaccordingtowind.Include：wind,string,release,adjust,andretrieve.在风筝的发展过程中,具有悠久历史的中国传统文化开始与风筝工艺相融，将神话故事、花鸟瑞兽、吉祥寓意等表现在风筝上,从而形成了独具地方特色的风筝文化。Throughhistoryofkitedevelopment,Chinesetraditionalcultureisintegratedwithkitecraft.Chinesefairytales,folkart,andluckcharactershavebeenusedforkitedesigns.Therefore,anuniquekiteculturewithChinesecharacteristicshasbeenformed.DoYouLikeChineseKite?Thankyou!