大学英语写作资料

1大学英语写作资料第一讲扩充段落的手段TheStructureofaParagraph1topicsentence+2-4developmentsentences=aparagraphThomasJeffersonwasamanofmanytalents.1First,hepracticedcroprotationandsoilconservationacenturybeforethesebecamestandardpractice,andheinventedaplowsuperiortoanyotherinexistence.2Second,heinfluencedarchitecturethroughAmericawithhisself-designedhouse.3Third,hewastheauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.Inshort,fromtheaboveanalysiswecansafelydrawtheconclusionthatThomasJeffersonhadalotoftalents.ThomasJeffersonwasamanofmanytalents.1Tobeginwith,hepracticedcroprotationandsoilconservationacenturybeforethesebecamestandardpractice,andheinventedaplowsuperiortoanyotherinexistence.2Inaddition,heinfluencedarchitecturethroughAmericawithhisself-designedhouse.3Besides,hewastheauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.Inaword,fromtheaboveanalysiswecancometoasafeconclusionthatThomasJeffersonhadalotoftalents.Keyword(s):Sent1:Sent2:Sent3:2为了便于掌握和应用，本章作者重点介绍一种叫做“两主一插”的扩展段落的方法,“两主”即列举和递进，“一插”即举例。请看下面的基本模块：(1)列举法模块：主题句.First,扩展句1.Second,扩展句2.Third,扩展句3.Finally,扩展句4.Inshort,/Inaword,/Therefore,结论句.Computerscanhelpdifferentpeopleindifferentways.First,theycanhelpchildrenwiththeirlessonsandhomework.Second,theycanhelpcollegestudentsandscholarsdoallsortsofcomplicatedcalculations,analyzedata,processwordandpresentthelatestachievementsaswellasthedesiredinformation.Third,computerscanassistengineersandexpertsinthedesignofmachines,ofbridgesorofspaceships.Finally,computerscanalsoofferfunandentertainmentforchildrenandadultsalike.Inaword,fromtheaboveanalysiswecansafelydrawtheconclusionthatcomputersreallyhavemanyfunctions.(2)递进法模块：主题句.Tobeginwith,扩展句1.Inaddition,扩展句2.Besides,扩展句3.What’smore,扩展句4.Inshort,/Inaword,/Therefore,结论句.3Computerscanhelpdifferentpeopleindifferentways.Tobeginwith,theycanhelpchildrenwiththeirlessonsandhomework.Inaddition,theycanhelpcollegestudentsandscholarsdoallsortsofcomplicatedcalculations,analyzedata,processwordsandpresentthelatestachievementsaswellasthedesiredinformation.Besides,theycanassistengineersandexpertsinthedesignofmachines,ofbridgesorofspaceships.Whatismore(better),computerscanalsoofferfunandentertainmentforchildrenandadultsalike.Inshort,fromtheaboveanalysis,wecaneasilyseecomputersreallyhavemanyfunctions.(3)举例法模块：主题句.Forexample,扩展句1.Foranotherexample,扩展句2.Acaseinpoint，扩展句3.Inshort,/Inaword,/Therefore,结论句.Computerscanhelpdifferentpeopleindifferentways.Forexample,theycanhelpchildrenwiththeirlessonsandhomework.Foranotherexample,theycanhelpcollegestudentsandscholarsdoallsortsofcomplicatedcalculations,analyzedata,processwordsandpresentthelatestachievementsaswellasthedesiredinformation.Acaseinpoint,computerscanalsoofferfunandentertainmentforchildrenandadultsalike.Inshort,fromtheaboveanalysis,wecaneasilyseecomputersreallyhavemanyfunctions.通过以上三个模块的例子，可以看出第三个模块最好是用于进一步扩4展段落，即穿插使用。请看例：Sometimeswatercanbeharmfulorevendestructive.Forexample,youwillhavetroubledoingoutdoorjobsifitrainsfordays.Plantssuchaswheatandcottonwillsufferalotifitrainstoomuch.Aflooddoesmuchharmtoallformsoflife.Let’stakeEnglishlearningforexampletoshowtheprincipleof“Practicemakesperfect”.Youcanlearnsomewordsandgrammarfrombooksandteachers,butwithoutpractice,youcanneverusethemfreely.Besides,youwillevenfindittoodifficulttorememberthem.Theonlywaytosolvethisproblemistokeeppractising.Anotherexampletoshowthesameprincipleislearningtoswim.Itisobviousthatyoucanneverswimifyoudarenotdropyourselfintowater.Swimmingcanonlybelearnedthroughpracticeinwater,whichcanmakeyougetthefeelingofwaterandmakeyourmotioncorrectandeffective.利用举例模块穿插，可以把抽象的观点具体化，把难于表述的观点用具体的事例间接地表述出来。总之，用什么样的过渡词展开主题句，完全取决于内容的需要。其他常见的扩展模块有：[注：(…代表一个句子)（N代表一个名词）（NN代表多个名词）](1)两点法模块：用于较短的段落，只陈述两个观点。常用的关联词语有1）Foronething,…Foranother(thing),…2)Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(2)正反法模块：用于陈述事物的两个方面，常用的关联词语有:1)Eachcoinhastwosides.Nisnoexceptiontotherule.2)…However,…5(3)举例法模块：1）Forexample,…2)TakeNforexampletoshow….3)Nisjustacaseinpoint.(4)时间顺序排列模块：1)Inthepast,…Atpresent,…Inthefuture,…2)Intheshortrun,…Inthelongrun,…(5)空间顺序排列模块：InChina,…IntheWest,…先谈一个地方的情况，再谈其他一些地方的情况，以进行比较。(6)数字法模块：数字往往是枯燥无味的，但却具有很强的说服力。1）ArecentpollintheUSshowsthat…2)Accordingtothestatisticsavailable,…(7)推理法模块：1)If…,(then)…2)Suppose…,(then)…(8)比较法模块：1）ComparedwithN,…2)Incomparison,…3)Comparativelyspeaking,…4）…while(whereas)…(9)对照法模块：1)In(By)contrast,…2)Contraryto…,…3)Inopposition,…4)Onthecontrary,…(10)下结论模块：1）Inshort(Inaword),…2)Fromtheaboveanalysiswecansafelyconcludethat…3）Alltheevidencejustifiesanunshakableconclusionthat…6第二讲如何开头常言道：好的开端等于成功了一半。开头也就是写作中的引言（Introduction）部分，其作用是引出主题、确立论点。常见的开端有以下五种：(1）主题句法：提出一个观点/论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。例如：Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhasbroughtaboutmanychanges.Forexample,modernmedicalsciencemakespeoplelivealongerandhealthierlife.TVkeepsuswellinformedandbringsavividworldintoordinaryfamilies.Owingtotheinventionofspaceshipsandrockets,man’sdreamoflandingonthemoon,whichwasimpossibleseveraldecadesago,hasnowcometrue.Inshort,allthescientificproductsarechangingthewayweliveandwork.However,therearesomeproblemswiththeThreeGorgesProjectthatneedcar