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01元素和元素周期表Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatomisreferredtoastheatomicnumber,orprotonnumber,Z.Thenumberofelectronsinanelectricallyneutralatomisalsoequaltotheatomicnumber,Z.Thetotalmassofanatomisdeterminedverynearlybythetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsinitsnucleus.Thistotaliscalledthemassnumber,A.Thenumberofneutronsinanatom,theneutronnumber,isgivenbythequantityA-Z.原子核内的质子数被称为原子序数,或质子数,Z。一个电中性原子的电子数量也等于原子序数,Z。原子的总质量接近核内质子数和中子数之和。这个总数被称为质量数A。中子在一个原子中的数量,中子数,给出了的数量为A-Z。Thetermelementrefersto,apuresubstancewithatomsallofasinglekind.Tothechemistthekindofatomisspecifiedbyitsatomicnumber,sincethisisthepropertythatdeterminesitschemicalbehavior.AtpresentalltheatomsfromZ=1toZ=107areknown;thereare107chemicalelements.Eachchemicalelementhasbeengivenanameandadistinctivesymbol.FormostelementsthesymbolissimplytheabbreviatedformoftheEnglishnameconsistingofoneortwoletters,forexample:单质是指,一个纯物质由一种原子组成的。化学家认为这种原子由它的原子数决定,因为它的性质决定了其化学行为。目前所有被知道的原子是Z=1到Z=107的的原子,有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素被给以一个名字和一个独特的符号。对于大多数元素符号都仅仅是英文名称缩写为一个或两个字母,例如:oxygen==Onitrogen==Nneon==Nemagnesium==Mg氧=O氮=N氖=Ne镁=MgSomeelements,whichhavebeenknownforalongtime,havesymbolsbasedontheirLatinnames,forexample:一些元素,很久以前就被知道的,它们的符号根据他们的拉丁名字符号,例如:iron==Fe(ferrum)copper==Cu(cuprum)lead==Pb(plumbum)铁==Fe(ferrum)铜==Cu(cuprum)铅==Pb(plumbum)AcompletelistingoftheelementsmaybefoundinTable1.一个完整的元素表可以被发现于表1。BeginninginthelateseventeenthcenturywiththeworkofRobertBoyle,whoproposedthepresentlyacceptedconceptofanelement,numerousinvestigationsproducedaconsiderableknowledgeofthepropertiesofelementsandtheircompounds1.In1869,D.MendeleevandL.Meyer,workingindependently,proposedtheperiodiclaw.Inmodernform,thelawstatesthatthepropertiesoftheelementsareperiodicfunctionsoftheiratomicnumbers.Inotherwords,whentheelementsarelistedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,elementshavingcloselysimilarpropertieswillfallatdefiniteintervalsalongthelist.Thusitispossibletoarrangethelistofelementsintabularformwithelementshavingsimilarpropertiesplacedinverticalcolumns2.Suchanarrangementiscalledaperiodictable。在十七世纪后期开始,在工作罗伯特·波以耳,提出当前公认的元素概念,大量的研究产生元素性质及其化合物的知识。在1869年,D.Mendeleev和L.Meyer,独立工作,提出了周期性的律法。在现代形式,法律规定的元素的性质是原子序数的周期函数。换句话说,当元素的按原子序数增加列清单,有相近的特性的元素落在了明确的间隔在清单上有明确间隔。于是,将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列,从而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。这样的安排被称为一个周期表。Eachhorizontalrowofelementsconstitutesaperiod.Itshouldbenotedthatthelengthsoftheperiodsvary.Thereisaveryshortperiodcontainingonly2elements,followedbytwoshortperiodsof8elementseach,andthentwolongperiodsof18elementseach.Thenextperiodincludes32elements,andthelastperiodisapparentlyincomplete.Withthisarrangement,elementsinthesameverticalcolumnhavesimilarcharacteristics.Thesecolumnsconstitutethechemicalfamiliesorgroups.Thegroupsheadedbythemembersofthetwo8-elementperiodsaredesignatedasmaingroupelements,andthemembersoftheothergroupsarecalledtransitionorinnertransitionelements.每个水平排的横列元素构成一个周期。但应该注意的是周期不同长度的。非常短的周期只包含两种元素,后面跟着两个短周期每个含8元素,然后两个长周期每个由18个元素组成。下一个周期包含32元素,最后一个周期明显不完整的。这样的安排,元素在同一纵列有相似的特性。这些纵列构成化学家庭或组。为首的两个8元素周期的成员被选定作为主族元素,其他组的成员被称为过渡或内在过渡元素。Intheperiodictable,aheavysteppedlinedividestheelementsintometalsandnonmetals.Elementstotheleftofthisline(withtheexceptionofhydrogen)aremetals,whilethosetotherightarenonmetals.Thisdivisionisforconvenienceonly;elementsborderingtheline—themetalloids-havepropertiescharacteristicof-bothmetalsandnonmetals.Itmaybeseenthatmostoftheelements,includingallthetransitionandinnertransitionelements,aremetals.在元素周期表中,沉重的阶梯的线把元素分为金属和非金属元素。那条线的左边(除氢)是金属,而那些右边是非金属矿物等。这条线划分只是为了方便。那些与分隔线相临近的元素——准金属,既有金属的性质,又有非金属的性质。可以看出,大部分的元素,是金属元素。Exceptforhydrogen,agas,theelementsofgroupIAmakeupthealkalimetalfamily.Theyareveryreactivemetals,andtheyareneverfoundintheelementalstateinnature.However,theircompoundsarewidespread.Allthemembersofthealkalimetalfamily,formionshavingachargeof1+only.Incontrast,theelementsofgroupIB—copper,silver,andgold—arecomparativelyinert.Theyaresimilartothealkalimetalsinthattheyexistas1+ionsinmanyoftheircompounds.However,asischaracteristicofmosttransitionelements,theyformionshavingotherchargesaswell.除了氢元素——一种气体元素外,ⅠA族的元素组成了碱金属。它们是非常活泼的金属,它们从未在自然界中以单质状态被发现。然而,它们的化合物是广泛分布的。碱金属的所有成员具有正一价的离子。与此相反,ⅠB族的元素铜、银、和金相对来说是惰性的。它们和碱金属的相似的,因为它们在化合物中以1+离子存在。但是和大多数过渡元素具有的特性一样,它们也能形成其它价的离子。TheelementsofgroupIIAareknownasthealkalineearthmetals.Theircharacteristicionicchargeis2+.Thesemetals,particularlythelasttwomembersofthegroup,arealmostasreactiveasthealkalimetals.ThegroupIIBelements—zinc,cadmium,andmercuryarelessreactivethanarethoseofgroupIIA5,butaremorereactivethantheneighboringelementsofgroupIB.Thecharacteristicchargeontheirionsisalso2+.ⅡA族的元素就是通常所说的碱土金属。它们离子的特征价是2+。这些金属,尤其是族中最后两个元素,几乎和碱金属一样活泼。ⅡB族元素,锌、镉、和汞比那些ⅡA的元素活性低,但比临近的ⅠB族元素活泼。它们的特征价态也是2+。Withtheexceptionofboron,groupIIIAelementsarealsofairlyreactivemetals.Aluminumappearstobeinerttowardreactionwithair,butthisbehaviorstemsfromthefactthatthemetalformsathin,invisiblefilmofaluminumoxideonthesurface,whichprotectsthebulkofthemetalfromfurtheroxidation.ThemetalsofgroupIIIAformionsof3+charge.GroupIIIBconsistsofthemetalsscandium,yttrium,lanthanum
本文标题:化学专业英语课文翻译
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