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Unit3TypicalActivitiesofChemicalEngineers化学工程师的例行工作Theclassicalroleofthechemicalengineeristotakethediscoveriesmadebythechemistinthelaboratoryanddevelopthemintomoney--making,commercial-scalechemicalprocesses.ThechemistworksintesttubesandParrbombswithverysmallquantitiesofreactantsandproducts(e.g.,100ml),usuallyrunning“batch”,constant-temperatureexperiments.Reactantsareplacedinasmallcontainerinaconstanttemperaturebath.Acatalystisaddedandthereactionsproceedwithtime.Samplesaretakenatappropriateintervalstofollowtheconsumptionofthereactantsandtheproductionofproductsastimeprogresses.化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的、商业规模的化学过程。化学家用少量的反应物在试管和派式氧弹中反应相应得到少量的生成物,所进行的通常是间歇性的恒温下的实验,反应物放在很小的置于恒温水槽的容器中,加点催化剂,反应继续进行,随时间推移,反应物被消耗,并有生成物产生,产物在合适的间歇时间获得。Bycontrast,thechemicalengineertypicallyworkswithmuchlargerquantitiesofmaterialandwithverylarge(andexpensive)equipment.Reactorscanhold1,000gallonsto10,000gallonsormore.Distillationcolumnscanbeover100feethighand10to30feetindiameter.Thecapitalinvestmentforoneprocessunitinachemicalplantmayexceed$100million!与之相比,化学工程师通常面对的是数量多得多的物质和庞大的(昂贵的)设备。反应器可以容纳1000到10,000加仑甚至更多。蒸馏塔有100英尺多高,直径10到30英尺。化工厂一个单元流程的投资可能超过1亿美元。Thechemicalengineerisofteninvolvedin“scalingup”achemist-developedsmall-scalereactorandseparationsystemtoaverylargecommercialplant.Thechemicalengineermustworkcloselywiththechemistinordertounderstandthoroughlythechemistryinvolvedintheprocessandtomakesurethatthechemistgetsthereactionkineticdataandthephysicalpropertydataneededtodesign,operate,andoptimizetheprocess.Thisiswhythechemicalengineeringcurriculumcontainssomanychemistrycourses.在把化学家研制的小型反应器及分离系统“放大”到很大的商业化车间时,通常需要化学工程师的参与。为了彻底了解过程中的化学反应,化学工程师必须与化学家密切合作以确保能得到所需要的反应的动力学性质和物理性质参数以进行设计、运转和优选流程。这就是为什么化工课程要包括那么多的化学类课程的原因。Thechemicalengineermustalsoworkcloselywithmechanical,electrical,civil,andmetallurgicalengineersinordertodesignandoperatethephysicalequipmentinaplant--thereactors,tanks,distillationcolumns,heatexchangers,pumps,compressors,Controlandinstrumentationdevices,andsoon.Onebigitemthatisalwaysonsuchanequipmentlistispiping.Oneofthemostimpressivefeaturesfatypicalchemicalplantisthetremendousnumberofpipesrunningalloverthesite,literallyhundredsofmilesinmanyplants.Thesepipestransferprocessmaterials(gasesandliquids)intoandoutoftheplant.Theyalsocarryutilities(steam,coolingwater,air,nitrogen,andrefrigerant)totheprocessunits.化学工程师还必须与机械、电子、土木建筑和冶金工程师密切协作以设计和操作工厂的机械设备—反应器、槽、蒸馏塔、热交换器、泵、压缩机、控制器和仪器设备等等。在这张设备单上还有一大类是管子。化工厂最典型的特征之一就是数目庞大的管道贯穿所有生产间。可以毫不夸张地说,在许多车间都有几百英里长的管道。这些管道输入和输出车间的反应物质进行传递,同时还可携带有用的东西(水蒸气、冷却水、空气、氧、冷却剂)进入操作单元。Tocommercializethelaboratorychemistry,thechemicalengineerisinvolvedindevelopment,design,construction,operation,sales,andresearch.Theterminologyusedtolabelthesefunctionsisbynomeansuniformfromcompanytocompany,butarosebyanyothernameisstillarose.Letusdescribeeachofthesefunctionsbriefly.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatthejobsweshalldiscussare“typical”and“classical”,butarebynomeanstheonlythingsthatchemicalengineersdo.Thechemicalengineerhasabroadbackgroundinmathematics,chemistry,andphysics.Therefore,heorshecan,anddoes,fillarichvarietyofjobsinindustry,government,andacademia.要把实验室研究商业化,化学工程师要参与进行开发、设计、建筑、操作、销售和研究工作。各个公司用来表示这些工作的名词不完全一样,但万变不离其宗。让我们简单地把每个工作描述一下。应该强调的是,我们所讨论的工作是“典型的”和“经典的”,但并不意味着化学工程师只能做这些事。化学工程师在数学、化学和物理学方面都有很好的知识基础,因此,他或她能够而且确实适应工业、政府部门、大专院校等非常广泛的职业要求。1.DevelopmentDevelopmentistheintermediatesteprequiredinpassingfromalaboratory-sizeprocesstoacommercial-sizeprocess.The“pilot-plant”processinvolvedindevelopmentmightinvolvereactorsthatarefivegallonsincapacityanddistillationcolumnsthatarethreeinchesindiameter.Developmentisusuallypartofthecommercializationofachemicalprocessbecausethescale-upproblemisaverydifficultone.Jumpingdirectlyfromtesttubesto10,000-gallonreactorscanbeatrickyandsometimesdangerousendeavor.Someofthesubtleproblemsinvolvedwhicharenotatallobvioustotheuninitiatedincludemixingimperfections,increasingradialtemperaturegradients,anddecreasingratiosofheattransferareastoheatgenerationrates.1.开发开发工作是从实验室规模向商业化规模转化所必需的中间阶段。开发阶段所涉及的“中试”流程所使用的反应器容量为5加仑,蒸馏塔直径为3英寸。开发通常是化学流程商业化的一部分。因为“放大”规模是一个非常困难的问题。直接从试管研制跳到在10.000加仑反应器里生产是非常棘手的有时甚至是危险的工作。一些(在实验室研究阶段)根本不明显的未加以考虑的细微问题,如混合不均匀,温度梯度辐射状升高,热交换面积逐渐降低以及热交换速度下降等(在后一阶段变得影响很大)。Thechemicalengineerworkswiththechemistandateamofotherengineerstodesign,construct,andoperatethepilotplant.Thedesignaspectinvolvesspecifyingequipmentsizes,configuration,andmaterialsofconstruction.Usuallypilotplantsaredesignedtobequiteflexible,sothatawidevarietyofconditionsandconfigurationscanbeevaluated.化学工程师与化学家和其他一些工程师协作对中师车间进行设计、安装和运行,设计方面包括确定设备的尺寸、结构、制造所用的材料。通常中师车间的设计是有很大的变通性的,以便能对各种情况和构造进行评估。Oncethepilotplantisoperational,performanceandoptimizationdatacanbeobtainedinordertoevaluatetheprocessfromaneconomicpointofview.Theprofitabilityisassessedateachstageofthedevelopmentoftheprocess.Ifitappearsthatnotenoughmoneywillbemadetojustifythecapitalinvestment,theprojectwillbestopped.中试车间一旦开始运转,就能获得性能数据和选定最佳数值以便从经济学角度对流程进行评价。对生产过程的每一个阶段可能获得的利润进行评定。如果结果显示投入的资金不能有足够的回报,这项计划将被停止。Thepilotplantofferstheopportunitytoevalu
本文标题:《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译-Unit-3-Typical-Activities-of-Che
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