英语论文-论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响

CommentonthepositiveandnegativeeffectsoftheBritishIndustrialRevolution谈论英国工业革命的积极和消极影响Abstract：ThepositiveandnegativeeffectstheBritishIndustrialRevolution,includingindustry、environment、employment(womenandchildrenworkers)andtheeffectswhicharerelatedtoothercountriesintheworld,especiallyChina.摘要：英国工业革命的积极影响和消极影响，包括工业方面、环境方面、就业（女工和童工）以及它对世界其他各国尤其是中国的影响关键词：积极、消极、影响、工业、环境、就业、其他国家、中国KeyWords:Positive、negative、effects、industry、environment、employment、othercountries、ChinaWhatisknowntousallisthattheBritishIndustrialRevolutionmakesabigdifferenceallovertheworld,especiallyinBritishandEuropeanandAmericancontinent.Justlikeeverythinghastwosides,itbringsusaboutsomanyadvantagesandsomeilleffects.TheBritishIndustrialRevolutiontookplaceinthemiddleofEnglandin1700s.IthasabigeffectonalltheEuropeancontinent.Anditgraduallysetsinmotioninotherpartsoftheworld.TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionisalsonamedtheBritishPropertyRevolution.Itisagreatrevolutionwhichbringsaboutanewtimsinmodernhistoryoftheworldofproduceandtechnology.TheBritishIndustrialRevolutionisalongtermwhichindicatestheinventionandapplianceofvariouscomplicatedmachinesratherthantoolsinproductionandvariationfromaruralagriculturalandcommercialsocietytoaprogressiveruralindustrialsociety.Oldideasweremodified,notsweptaway,andnewideasgraduallytookplace.Thechangesforeverchangecitylife,socialclassstructure,thepoweroftheBritishnationamongstothersoftheworld,theproductionofmachinery,andthestrengthoftheeconomyofBritain.Thisrevolutionistheworkofbirth,andalsorebirththeGreatBritain.Fromthe18thtowellintothe19thcentury,thefamousIndustrialRevolutionfromwherethegreatestchangesinseveralpartsmadeaprofoundeffectonthewholesocietyintheUnitedKingdom,thensubsequentlyspreadingthroughoutEurope,NorthAmerica,andeventuallythewholeworld.Itgoeswithoutsayingthattheagriculture,manufacturing,mining,transport,andtechnologyhavealreadyundergonemassivechangesintheblinkofaneye.TheIndustrialRevolutionisconsideredamajorturningpointinhumanhistoryalmosteveryaspectofdailylifewaseventuallyinfluencedtosomedegree.Mostnotably,thepopulationbegantodisplayunprecedentedsustainedgrowthandthequalityofpeople’slivesimproveddramatically.AsthewordssaidbyNobelPrizewinningRobertE.Lucas,Jr.,Forthefirsttimeinhistory,thelivingstandardsofthemassesofordinarypeoplehavebeguntoundergosustainedgrowth.Nothingremotelylikethiseconomicbehaviorhashappenedbefore.ThereisnodoubtthattheindustrialrevolutionwhichoriginatedinBritishwouldsurelyhavethemosteffectsonlargesectionsofitssocietythroughnewinventions,newlegislation,andspawnedaneweconomy.Workbecamemoredisciplinedandmechanized,andbegantotakeplaceoutsidethehome.Womenandchildrencantaketheplaceofsomeskilledtradesmenwiththehelpofinventions.Themovementoftheexplodingpopulationtothecitiesfromthecountrysideproduceddramaticchangesinlifestyle.Atthattime,resistancetothechangesintheformofmachine-breakingriotsalsoappeared,butultimatelyfailed.Atthebeginningofthe18thcentury,thelifecouldbecharacterizedasveryslowandbackward.Duringthistime,changesintechnologiesandcommercesectorswereveryimperceptible.Andthepopulationincreasedependedontheproductivity,whilethelivingstandardsmaintainedthesame.Atfirst,Englandwasmainlyanagriculturalcountry;morethanthree-fourthsofthepopulationlivedinruraldistricts.ThecitiesexceptLondonwereverysmall,eventhesecondlargestcityBristolcouldonlyboastapopulationof30,000.Existingindustrywasmostlydomestic,whichmeansthattheindustrytookplaceinthehomesorcottagesoftheworkers,soitalsocalled“cottageindustry”.Farmingwasthepredominantoccupation.Clothmanufacturewasoftenacooperativeactivitysharedbyallmembersofthefamily.Mostproductsweremadebyhand,andthetoolswereold-fashioned,forinstance,peoplejustusedspinningwheelandhandloomwhilespinningandweaving.ThebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionTherearedebatesontheexactsignoftheIndustrialRevolution.ManyhistoriansnowbelievethattheIndustrialRevolutionbeganin1709,theyearinwhichamethodforsmeltingironwithcoalandlimewasdiscovered,whileothersbelievethatatleastby1718,whenasilkfactorywasequippedwithpowermachinery.Ofcourse,itwasnotuntil1830,theindustryhadcompletedallofthetechnicalchangeswhichdefinedtheIndustrialRevolution.Everystepaddedanotherlinktothechainofanindustrialevolutionwhichamountedtoa“revolution”.ThecausesoftheIndustrialRevolutionItisanecessaryresultofthesocialdevelopmentinBritain.ThebourgeoisieinBritainaccomplishedits“primitiveaccumulationofcapital”throughplunderandexpansion.Firstofall,thepopulationincreasedinthe18thcentury.Therewasneedformorefoodandgoods.Peoplehadtofindwaystoincreaseproduction.Then,newmachineswereinvented.Theychangedthewayofproductioninfarmsandfactories.Productionwasincreasedmorequickly.ThisbroughtabouttheIndustrialRevolution.Third,theEuropeanssetupmorecoloniesoverseasinordertoopenmarketsthatwerereadytoabsorbmoremanufacturedgoods.Fourthly,morecapitalwasaccumulatedfromtradewhichprovidedthefundstopioneertheindustrialrevolution.Finally,inEuropefeudalismwasended,soitwastimetomakesomechange.BritishadvantagesinindustrializationInbrief,therevolutionoccurredinBritaindu