“英语词汇学”课件7-10章

Meaningchangesindifferentways.1)Extensionthemeaningchangesfromspecifictogeneralizedoneorcoverabroaderconceptthing-审判大会、政治会议anythingChapter7ChangesinWordMeaning2)Specialization/narrowing(缩小）Originally,theymean:garage-安全的地方poison-饮料hospital-休息娱乐场所3)Elevation（升格）a.贬义/中性义--褒义（或高级别）Marshall--马夫-元帅Executive一般执行者-行政官员4)Degradation（降格）中性/褒义贬义Cunning有学问的--狡猾的Sly-熟练的-偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的•5.Transference(transfer)ofMeaning•Awordusedtodesignateonething,butlateritbegantomeansomethingelse•Paperpapyrus(纸莎草)-纸•mainly:•(1)AssociatedTransfer•tooth,lip,nosecanusedtorefertothings:•thelipofawound,thenoseofaplane•(2)TransferbetweenabstractandConcreteMeanings•Room-space-房间(concrete)•Grasp抓-understand(abstract)•(3)TransferbetweenSubjectiveandObjectivethings•Dreadfulsomethng/sbfullofdreadsomething/sbthatcausesdread•Pitiful•(4)synesthesia联觉(感官词之间)•sweetmusic,warmcolors,clearsounding•6.Euphemism委婉语•Toilet•Restroom,bathroom,John,convenience,washroom,comfortroom,powderroom,lady’s,gentleman’s,…•DieCausesofchange:1)extra-linguisticfactorssuchashistoricalreason(pen),classreason(revolution,communism.humanrights)andpsychologicalreason(garbagecollectorsanitationengineer)2)Linguisticfactors(1)Internalfactorscausethechangegoldmedal-gold;lightbulbbulb(2)InfluenceofalienwordsDeerreferstoanimal,but“animal”fromLatinwaslaterintroducedintoEnglish,sothemeaningofdeerwasnarrowed.•(3)analogy•Fruition-享用,享受-结果(fruit),实现Chapter8MeaningandContext•Themeaningofawordisoftendecidedbywhereitisused,eitherinaspokenorwrittendiscourse.-context•Meaninglivesincontexttypes•TypesofContext:Linguisticcontext,extra(non)-linguisticcontext•Linguisticcontextmaybedividedinto2:•lexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.•Apieceofpaper,atermpaper,today’spaper,examinationpaper,etc.•Whatcontextdoyouthinktheabovebelongto?•doone’steeth;dotheflowers;dofish;dowell(atschool)•Lootatthefollowingsentenceswith“become”,whichcontextaretheyrelatedtotounderstanditsmeaning?•Hebecameveryexcitedaboutthefinalexam.(linkverb)•Thecoatdoesn’tbecomeyouatall.(transitiveverb)•Sometimesthemeaningofawordcanbedecidedonlyafteraparagraph,achapterorevenabookisread.Forexample,•“Janet!Donkeys!”Extra-linguisticContext•Culture,situation,cognition3basicelements•Johnisquick(quick-minded;fast,hot-yempered…..)•Lookout!•Tradeunion:strongpoliticalmeaningintheWest•Aggressive•LoverTheroleofContext•1)getridofambiguity•Theballwasveryattractive.•Tomrantherace.•Theysawherduck.Noun?Verb?•2)helpdefinereferents•This/that,now/then,etc.•3)providecluesforinferringword-meaning•example:•Kinesics,thestudyofbodymovement,wassuggestedbyProfessorBird-whistell.Chapter9EnglishIdioms•Expressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.(setphrasesandsortsentences)•Inabroadsense,theycanincludecolloquialisms,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.Characteristics:(1)SemanticUnity1)raincatsanddogs;It’sapieceofcake.Howdoyoudo!(2)StructuralStabilitylipserviceoutofthequestionGodblessyou!Classificationofidioms•Manyways.Inthisbook,grammmaticalfunctionisthecriterion•1.Idiomsnominalinnature--functionsasanoun•Awhiteelephant,Jackofalltrades•braintrust(智囊团)•2.Idiomsadjectivalinnature•aspoorasachurchmouse,cutanddried(常规的、例行的)•beyondthepale（发疯的）•3.idiomsverbalinnature•lookinto…•getawaywith…•makeit•fallflat•letthedogseetherabbit•4.Idiomsadverbialinnature•heartandsoul•innothingflat（inaverylittletime)•throughthickandthin（不顾艰难险阻）•toothandnail(竭尽全力）如何区分一般短语和习语？Canyoutellus?1.可否从字面意义确定意义2.已有知识5)sententialidiomsNothingsucceedslikesuccess.Feedacoldandstarveafever.Nothingventure,nothinghave.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.……UseofIdioms•Wehavetoknowsomecharacteristicsofidiomstousethempeoperlyinrealcommunication.•1.stylisticfeatures•formal,informal(colloquial)•1)colloquialisms•HanginTom!(Donotgiveup)•Sheisabigwheelinthecommunity.(influentialperson)•2)slang•Cancerstick•Hitthesack(gotobed)•3)literaryexpressions书面语•Terriblethingscametopasslastyear.•Faminefollowedinthewakeofwar.2.RhetoricalFeatures•1)PhoneticManipulation•A.alliteration•mightandmain（全力以赴）•partandparcel（mostimportantpart)•B.rhyme•byhookandbycrook（千方百计）•fairandsquare(honest)•wearandtear磨损•2）LexicalManipulation•A.reiteration同义反复•Screamandshout•Pickandchoose•B.Repetition•byandby(soon),outandout彻头彻尾的•neckandneck并驾齐驱•C.juxtaposition并置（反义词）•Rainorshine,hereandthere,•pennywiseandpoundfoolish3)SemanticManipulation•A.simile•As…as..•Asmuteasafish;asgracefullikeaswan•Asbusyasa____;asstrongas___••//like…•B.metaphor•Heisasnakeinthegrass（暗藏之敌）•C.metonymy•Fromcradletograve,hehasnevertoldalie.•D.synecdoche•Twoheadsarebetterthanone•E.Personification•Failureisthemotherofsuccess•F.euphemism•thecallofnatureVariationsofIdioms•P.194(self-study)Chapter10EnglishDictionary•Types:•1)Monolingualandbilingual2)linguisticandencyclopedic•Linguisticonescanbeeithermonolingualorbilingual•(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish)•大英百科全书（20卷），美国大百科全书（30卷）•CharacteristicsofAmericanandBritishdictionaries:按规模还可分为：•1）大型词典(Allthewordstheoretically)•韦氏第三版新国际词典（45万词左右）•2）案头词典(5—15万词）•3）袖珍词