简论加拿大英语及其语言特征

Jan.2008,Volume5,No.1(SerialNo.49)Sino-USEnglishTeaching,ISSN1539-8072,USA501.1008712.1000831.Chamberlain(1890)Bloomfield(1948)Scargill(1957)Bateman(1975)Chambers(197919891995199719981999)Clarke(1993)2.Geikie(Geikie1857p.345)KatherineBarberTheCanadianOxforddictionary1998AvisAdictionaryofCanadianismsonhistoricalprinciples1967GageCanadiandictionary19821992pp.3-4&1993p.5651(Bloomfield1948)Bloomfield1948Lilles(2000)BaughBaugh,1978,pp.323-324Dean(1963)Avis(1982)3.1782·1604174918178317841812524.Avis(1954)ScargillGAGA18Scargill1957p.131718north,lord,bark[r][B:][A][s][m][n][f]past[pAst]dance[dAns]sample[`sAmpl][æ][r][r]parkdarnmurderdirty[t][d]latter/ladderwating/wadingseated/seededmetal/mettleWoods1993hotbossnoto[a]car,beat,party[tFa:r][pi:t][`fa:rti]1949[i?][in][C:r][a:r][f][v]morning[`ma:rnin]north[na:r?][na:rd]fin[ven]along[?`la:?]fir[v?:]53apricotpatriotpatentstatusdataa[A]leisure[`li:VE]erase[i`reis]record[`rekE:rd]z[zed][zi:]lever[`li:v?]([r])lieutenant[lef`ten?nt][lju:`tenEnt]greasy[gri:si][gri:zi]cashmere[kAF`miEr]anti-,semi-,multi-quaisii[i][ai]-ile[ail]docile,fertile,futile,projectile,senile,virilemissile[`mis?l]Asia[`eiFE][`eiVE]version[`vE:rFEn][`vE:rVEn]zebra[`zebrE][`zi:brE]adult[E`dQlt][`AdQlt]either[`aiTEr][`i:TEr]ala[C][B:]palmbalmfather[`fCTE]18[ls][ns][t]else[elts]once[wQntz][B:]tomato[tE`meito][tE`mAto][tE`mCto]vase[veiz][vAz][vCz]rather[`rATEr][`rB:TEr][`rCTEr][`ruTEr][r][A][e]marrymerry[`meri]Barryberry[`beri]Woods1993marrymerry[`mAri][ZE][e]Marymerry[`meri]harryhairy[`heri]route[rQut]arctic[`B:rtik]genuinesanguinequinine-ine[ain]l,m,nmail,loan,filmfail[meiul],[lEuEn],[feiul],[fiulm]1[r][C:][C][i:][i]talk[tCk]walk[wCk]dawn[dCn]caller[kClEr]been[bin]creek[krik]ease[iz]pool[pul]seal[sil]2[ei][Eu][e][o]bay[be]go[go]bone[bon]phone[fon]home[hom]3[C][a][r][C]sorry,sorrow,borrow,tomorrow,orange,foresto[C][a][C]4[ai][Qi][au][Qu][t][f][k][p][s][d][v][g][b][z][m][n][ai]Joos1516[i:][u:]nice[ni:s]mouse[mu:s][nais][maus]54[ai]pie,lie,try,vibe,bide,live,arrive,knives,pine,ride[Qi]rite,right,light,fight,type,life,rife,knife,lice,nice,strike[au]loud,houses,bows,cows,now,town,drown,frown,down,arouse[Qu]pouch,pout,stout,bout,rout,mouth,gout,doubt,about,mouse5[B:][A]Iraq,Slavic,Vietnam,taco,plazaa[A]CharlesBoberg2000[B:][A]15[B:][A]dramapasta,lava[B:]19%23%25%[B:]95%[A]Colarado,Iran,Iraq,Nevada,Slovakia,Yugoslavia,Chirac,DalaiLama,Tania,Fiat,Lada,Nissan,Yahoo!avocado,goulash,taco,pasta,bravo,drama,nirvana,strata,plaza,pyjamas,saga,soprano,lavaBachGuatamalakamikazekaratea[B:]khaki[r][`kB:rki]6luxury[`lQkFEri],significant[sig`nifikEnt],petal[`petEl],history[`histEri],necessary[`nesi?seri],dictionary[`dikFE?neri],lavatory[`lAvE?tCri],Clarke1993Tremblay1992Chambers19985.Clarke,etal.1995Sutherland2000Avis,W.S.1954.SpeechdifferencesalongtheOntario-UnitedStatesborder.JournaloftheCanadianLinguisticsAssociation,113-17.Avis,W.S.1982.CanadianEnglish.In:WalterS.Avis,PatrickD.Drysdale,RobertJ.Gregg,etal.(Eds.),GageCanadiandictionary,89-104.Baugh,A.C.&T.Cable.1978.AhistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.EnglewoodCliffs:Prentice-Hall.Bloomfield,M.W.1948.CanadianEnglishanditsrelationto18thcenturyAmericanspeech.JournalofEnglishandGermanicPhilology,47,59-67.Boberg,C.2000.GeolinguisticdiffusionandtheU.S.-Canadaborder.LanguageVariationandChange,12(1),1-24.Chamberlain,A.F.1890.DialectresearchinCanada.DialectNotes,(3),45.55Chambers,J.K.1979.CanadianEnglish.In:J.K.Chambers.(Ed.),ThelanguagesofCanada.Montréal:Didier,169-204.Chambers,J.K.1989.Canadianraising:Blocking,fronting,etc.AmericanSpeech,64,75-88.Chambers,J.K.1995.TheCanada-U.S.borderasavanishingisogloss:TheevidenceofChesterfield.JournalofEnglishLinguistics,23,155-166.Chambers,J.K.1997.ThedevelopmentofCanadianEnglish.ModernaSprak,91(1),3-15.Chambers,J.K.1998.Socialembeddingofchangesinprogress.JournalofEnglishLinguistics,26(1),5-36.Chambers,J.K.1999.ConvergingfeaturesintheEnglishesofNorthAmerica.CuadernosdeFilologíaInglesa,8,117-127.Clarke,S.1993.TheAmericanizationofCanadianpronunciation:Asurveyofpalatalglideusage.In:SandraClarke.(Ed.),FocusonCanada.Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins,85-108.Clarke,S.F.Elms&A.Youssef.1995.ThethirddialectofEnglish:SomeCanadianevidence.LanguageVariationandChange,7(2),209-228.Dean,C.1963.IstherealiteraryCanadianEnglish?AmericanSpeech,38,278-282.Dickie,D.1950.Thegreatadventure.Toronto:J.M.Dent.Geikie,A.Constable.1857.CanadianEnglish.TheCanadianJournal,(5),344-355.Lilles,J.2000.ThemythofCanadianEnglish.EnglishToday,62,3-10.Macardle,M.2003.ThetimecharthistoryofCanada.London:WorthPress.Marckwardt,AlbertH.1958.AmericanEnglish.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Scargill,M.H.1957.SourcesofCanadianEnglish.JournalofEnglishandGermanicPhilology,58,12-15.Sutherland,F.2000.Sprightlymuddlesanderrors.EnglishToday,16.4(64),19-20..[M].1992..[M].1993.CanadianEnglishanditsphoneticfeaturesDINGLin-peng,ZHUHong-meiAbstract:BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishareregardedasthetwomajorvarietiesofEnglishintheworld,andCanadianEnglishisoftentreatedasavariationofAmericanEnglish.Thepaperaimstoidentifythemajo