跨文化交际-期末复习资料

FinalexamPart1ComprehensiveCheck（15*2）每课的练习APart2MultipleChoice（25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part3E-CTranslation（10*1）每课的练习CPart4Term-matching（10*1）Part5Multiplefunction（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。Terms/questions:1.Economicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.2.Barbersystem–Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.–Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.3.Globalvillage：realtimeevents、thetimeandspacecompression–Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.4.Melting-pot大熔炉:asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.5.Diversity:referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.6.Interculturalcommunication:refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.Perception7.Culture:canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.Culture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople8.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation9.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.11.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.12.ComponentsofCommunication：Source交际邀请Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message编码信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交际渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.Noise干扰Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交际接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反应Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反馈Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context场景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.13.Pragmatics语用学:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.14.Semantics语义学：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.15.Denotation：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.16.Connotation：thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.18.Euphemism委婉语：meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.19.Chronemics（时间学）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.20.Proxemics（空间学）：referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.21.kinesics（肢体语言）：Thestudyofbodylanguage.22.Paralanguage(副语言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce25.Planetaryculture行星文化:isexplored,whichintegratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism.26.Interculturalpersonhood(跨文化人格)：Representssomeonewhosecognitive,affective,andbehavioralcharacteristicsarenotlimitedbutopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparametersofhisorherownculture.1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage？P8~9Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?Verbaldifference:language,thoughtpatterns…Non-verbalcommunication:body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,environment…Perception:values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?文化的三个成分（threeIngredients）P5~6Ansharedartifact（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleprodu