语言学导论术语解释英文版

Antonymy:theoppositenessofmeaningbetweenlexemesAffix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Arbitrariness:adesignfeatureoflanguagewhichreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesignifierandthesignifiedofasign.Appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.Allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Aproposition:whatisexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthatsentenceisutteredtomakeastatementAspeechcommunity:acommunitythemembersofwhichhaveorbelievetheyhaveatleastonecommonvarietyoflanguageAnutterance:apieceoflanguageactuallyusedinaparticularcontextAnanalyticproposition:onewhosegrammaticalformandlexicalmeaningmakeitnecessarilytrue,withoutreferencetoexternalcriteriaAuditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.Acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.Anaphora:theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversationBinarycutting:thepracticetocutagrammaticalconstructionintotwopartsandthencuteachofthetwopartsintotwoandcontinuewiththissegmentationuntilwereachthesmallestgrammaticalunit,themorphemeBlending:wordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwordsBilingualism:thesituationwhereatleasttwolanguagesareusedsidebysidebyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,witheachhavingadifferentroletoplayBoundmorpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindepen­dentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Cognitivestyle:anindividual’spreferredwayofmentallyprocessing(perceiving,conceptualizing,organizing,andrecalling,etc.)information.Itoftenaffectlearners’individualpreferencesorneedsfordifferentlearningconditions,whicharecalledlearningstyles.Constatives:sentenceswhichdescribeorstatesomething;theyareeithertrueorfalseCompounds:thewordsthatareproducedbystringingtogetherwordsConstituent:anylinguisticformorgroupoflinguisticformsthatappearsatthebottomofoneofthelinesinthetreediagramofthesyntacticanalysisComplementarydistribution:thephenomenathatallophonesoccurindifferentphoneticenvironmentsCreole:alanguageformedwhenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunityCulturaltransmission:thefactthatthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeakerConnotation:theadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaningConversationalimplicature:akindofextrameaningthatisnotliterallycontainedintheutterancebutisderivedfromobservingorfloutingthemaximsofCPDerivation:themorphologicalprocessinwhichaffixesareaddedtothestemDiachroniclinguistics:thestudyofthelanguagedevelopmentorchangeovertimeDistinctivefeatures:thefeaturesthataphonemehasandthatdistinguishitfromotherphonemesDesignfeatures:theframeworkproposedbyHockett,whichdiscussesthedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguageasagainstanimalcommunicationDerivationalmorphemes:theboundmorphemeswhichareconjoinedtoothermorphemes(orwords)toderiveorformanewwordDeixis:aparticularwayinwhichtheinterpretationofcertainlinguisticexpressionsisdependentonthecontexttheyareproducedorinterpretedDiglossia:asociolinguisticsituationwheretwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayDisplacement:thephenomenonthathumanlanguagecancopewithanysubjectwhatever,anditdoesnotmatterhowfarawaythetopicofconversationisintimeandspaceDualityofstructure:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Endocentricconstruction:onewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituentsFreemorphemes:themorphemeswhichcanconstitutewordsbythemselvesHomonymy:thecasethattwo,ormoremeaningsmaybeassociatedwiththesamelinguisticformInternationalPhoneticAlphabet:astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.Languageinterference:theuseofelementsfromonelanguagewhilespeakinganother.Lexicology:thestudyofthevocabularyitemsofalanguage,includingtheirmeaningsandrelations,theirclassificationandcollocation,andchangesintheirformandmeaningthroughtimeLogicalsemantics:thestudyofthemeaningofasentenceintermsofitstruthconditionsMorphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Performatives:sentencesthatdonotdescribethingsandcannotbesaidtobetrueorfalsePresupposition:thekindofmeaningwhichthespeakerdoesn'tassertbutassumesthehearercanidentifyfromthesentencePsycholinguistics:thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlan