国外认知心理学课件1-CogPsychLecture_3

CognitivePsychologyLecture3:LongTermMemorySeptember2007JohnTonerSchacter&Tulving(1994)Declarative:{Non-declarative:{OverviewofLecture•SemanticMemory•EpisodicMemory•PerceptualRepresentations•ProceduralMemoryVowelCountingappleVowelCountingchairVowelCountinglightVowelCountingsyrupVowelCountingswordVowelCounting!DigitTaskCountingbackwardsfrom70in8’sListthenext5numbersinthissequence70,62,54,__,__,__,__,__Anagrams(5seconds)bianrAnagrams(5seconds)ciarhAnagrams(5seconds)atlpnAnagrams(5seconds)gtilhAnagrams(5seconds)enotsAnagrams(5seconds)purysAnagrams(5seconds)STOPbianrbrianciarhchairatlpnplantgtilhlightenotsstonepuryssyrupDesign•Firstandlastvowelcountingwordsnotused•Distractiontask•AnagramsforbothprimedandunprimedwordsassimilaraspossibleExplicit&ImplicitMemory•Explicitmemoryinvolvesconsciousrecollectionofpreviousexperience.Itiswhatmostpeoplegenerallyrefertoas‘memory’•ImplicitMemoryisanunintentional,non-consciousformofretention.ItcanberevealedwhenperformanceonataskisfacilitatedwithoutconsciousrecollectionExplicit&ImplicitMemoryExamplesofImplicitMemory:•Findingakeyquicklyandturningitefficientlyinalock•Decidingthat‘doctor’isawordhappensfasterafterpresentationof‘nurse’ratherthan‘north’Explicit&ImplicitMemory•RuleofThumb:Explicitmemoryisoftenassociatedwithincreasedbrainactivity,whileimplicitmemoryisassociatedwithdecreasedactivation•Canweprovethatanyexperimentaltaskdoesnotuseexplicitmemory?LongTermMemorySystemsProposedbySchacter&Tulving(1994)•Memorysystemshandleinformationwithinagivenclassordomain(e.g.episodicmemorydealswithmemoryofevents)•Propertiesofasystem:Rulesofoperation,neuralsubstratesandfunctionofasystemdistinguishit•Convergentdissociations:Agivenmemorysystemshouldbedifferentfromotherssystemsinclear,welldefinedwaysEpisodicMemory(Declarative)ThisreferstothestorageandretrievalofspecificeventsorepisodesoccurringinaparticularplaceataparticulartimeSemanticMemory(Declarative)Thisreferstoinformationaboutourstockofknowledgeabouttheworld2+2=4“Moo”EpisodicvSemantic•Wheeleretal1997:episodicmemoryinvolvesthesubjectiveawarenessorrelivingofexperiencesbutsemanticmemorydoesnot.•PETscanstudies(seeWheeleretal1997)haveshownthatthereismoreactivityintherightprefrontalcortexwhenparticipantsaretryingtoretrieveepisodicmemoriesthanwhentheyaretryingtoretrieveotherkindsofmemoriessuchassemanticmemories.EpisodicvSemantic“Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith.Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval”-Wheeleretal(1997,pp348-349)EpisodicvSemantic“Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith.Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval”-Wheeleretal(1997,pp348-349)EpisodicvSemanticButalso:“Themannerinwhichinformationisregisteredintheepisodicandsemanticsystemsishighlysimilar-thereisnoknownmethodofreadilyencodinginformationintoanadultssemanticmemorywithoutputtingcorrespondinginformationinepisodicmemoryorviceversa”-Wheeleretal(1997,p.333)EpisodicvSemanticButalso:“Episodicmemoryisarecentlyevolved,latedeveloping,andearly-deterioratingpastorientedmemorysystem,morevulnerablethanothermemorysystemstoneuronaldysfunction”-Tulving(2002,p.5)EpisodicvSemanticThecaseof‘KC”•Havingsufferedbraindamagethepatienthadatotalinabilitytorememberanyevents,circumstances,orsitationsfromhislife.•Hisepisodicamnesiacoveredhiswholelifefrombirthtopresent.•Yethecouldslowlyacquirenewsemanticmemories(phraseassociation),evenifhecouldnotrememberthehoursspentinthelaboratorylearningtheassociationsSemanticMemory(Declarative)Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.•Warrington&Shallice(1984)reportapatient‘JBR’whohadhugeproblemsidentifyingpicturesoflivingthings,butfewproblemsnamingnon-livingthings(successrate6%vs90%)•Theoppositedifficultieshavealsobeenreported,althoughitisamuchrareraffliction(Martin&Caramazza,2003)SemanticMemory(Declarative)Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.•Damasioetal.(1996)Objectnamingtaskgiventohealthysubjects.•PETdatashoweddifferentareasactiveifobjectswerefamousfaces(lefttemporalpole),animals(leftinferotemporalregion)ortools(posterolateralinferotemporalregion)•Damasioetal.(1996)alsofoundthatpeoplewithdamageinthesespecificareashadproblemswithnamingtheassociatedcategoriesofitems!SemanticMemory(Declarative)Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.Theoretical•Farah&McClelland(1991)putforwardatheorybasedonthefollowingassumptions:1:Livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponvisualproperties.(Whattheylooklike)2:Non-livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponfunctionalproperties.(Whattheyareusedfor)3:Dictionaryanalysisshowedthatratioofvisualtofunctionaldescriptorswas7.7:1forlivingobjects,butonly1.4:1fornon-living.ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative)•Proceduralmemoryismemorythatallowsustoacquiremotorandcognitiveskills.Itis“knowinghow”memory(Ryle1949).Procedura