可持续自然旅游发展的国家公园模式及其启示-以优胜美地国家公园和科里国家公园为例

、、、。、。[1]。KoliNationalParkKNPYosemiteNationalParkYNP。“”。KNPYNP。。11.1“”[2]“”。1872“”[3][4-5]、、、。“”[6-7]。：1000-8462（2010）01-0156-06———200062150、、、。“++”“+”。F590.7A。2009-05-06；2009-12-252009070。301Vol.30No.120101ECONOMICGEOGRAPHYJan.2010“”[11]。“”、、、[12]。“”“”2。1Fig.1Therelationshipamongsustainablenature-basedtourismandotherrelatedtourismproducts。IUCN“”[13]“”“”2。、、、。1.31.3.1·++。YNP18902849km2。1850350。、。YNP“”IUCN200961583417420km2。WDPA1①(1870—1890)1872188518871898。②1900“”[8-9]1909、、/“”、、、[10]。。③、、、、。1.211571Tab.1Theglobalexpansionofnationalparks1870—18901872)18851887188718981900—19091909191819221925192619261926193019351935193719371938193819381946195019511952196119621962196219641967197019832008。YNP①。YNP。JohnMuir1864“”。②。YNP。18901906。“”。YNP、。③。YNP。1970YNP。④。YNP、、、YNP3。1.3.2·+158302Tab.2Thetargetstructureofthesustainablenature-basedtourisminthenationalparksIII、、IIIIV:V、VI、、VII。VIII3Tab.3Thelegislationsystemandtherealizationofsustainablenature-basedtourismobjectivesinYNP《》1916“”。I-VIII《》1978。I-VII《》1964、、。I-VII《》1969。I-VII《》1966。VIII《》1968。YNP。I-VII《》1973IIII-VI《》1864。I-VII《》189012。I-VII《ElPortal》1958。I-VII《》1997。I-VI《》1997。I-VI《》1998、、。I-VIII《》2001、、。I-VIII“”2。22.1。、、、。、、、[15]。[16]。。“”[17][18-20]、、“”。2.2。KNP199130km2、、10010。KNP①。2007KNP()“”、。②。KNPKNP2004KNP。③。KNP、。2004“”4“”“”[14]。KNP“”2007KNP。11594Tab.4Themissionsfor“sustainablenaturetourismdevelopmentinKNPandtheKoliResort”project。“”。。、。。、、、。。。KNPYNP。KNPYNP。。2.3、、。KNP“”YNP。。2.4YNP。。。[1]VinodSasidharanErcanSirakayabDeborahKerstetter.Deve-lopingcountriesandtourismeco-labels[J].TourismManagement2002(2)161-174.[2]JohnRennieShort.TheIdeaofWilderness[J].JournalofRuralStudies1991(4)472.[3].[J].2009(8)738-744.[4]··.[M].200888-112.[5].[J].2009(2)79-86.[6].———[J].2003(3)145-148.[7].[J].1999(8)43-49.[8]GloverT.D.CitizenshipandtheProductionofPublicRecreationIsThereanEmpiricalRelationship?[J].JournalofLeisureResear-ch2002(2)204-231.[9]RavenscroftN.PublicLeisureProvisionandtheGoodCitizen[J].LeisureStudies1993(1)22-44.[10]McNeelyJA.MillerKR.NationalParksConservationandDevelopmentTheRoleofProtectedAreasinSustainingSociety[M].WashingtonD.C.SmithsonianInstitutionPress,1984724.[11]ValentineP.ReviewNature-BasedTourism.InSpecialInterestTourism[C]//T.WeilerandC.Halleds.WightPSupportingthePrinciplesofSustainableDevelopmentinTourismandEcotour-ismGovernment’sPotentialRole.CurrentIssuesinTourism2005(5)222-243.[12]PaulF.J.EaglesMargaretE.BowmanTeresaChang-HungTao.GuidelinesforTourisminParksandProtectedAreasinEastAsia[M].WaterlooWaterlooPrinting20015.[13]NigelDudley.GuidelineforApplyingProtectedAreaManage-mentCategories[EB/OL].data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/PAPS-016.pdf.[14]FinnishForestResearchInstitute.SustainableNatureTourismDevelopmentinKoliNationalParkandTheKoliResortFinland[EB/OL].[15].[J].2009(4)12-18.[16]PaulF.J.EaglesMargaretE.BowmanTeresaChang-HungTao.GuidelinesforTourisminParksandProtectedAreasinEastAsia[M].WaterlooPrinting20015.[17]Alan·A·Lew.[M].200574.[18].[J].2003(2)63-68.[19].[J].2002(2)76-81.[20].[J].2004(2):29-32.16030INDUSTRIALHERITAGEPROTECTIONANDTOURISMUTILIZATIONINNORTHEASTCHINAHANFu-wen，TONGYu-quan(1.SchoolofTourismandHospitalityManagement，ShenyangNormalUniversity，Shenyang110034，Liaoning，China；2.CollegeofManagement，DalianMaritimeUniversity，Dalian116026，Liaoning，China)Abstract:TheindustrialheritageofnortheastChina,whichisthenon-renewablepreciousresource,witnessesthehistoryoftheNortheastindustrializationprocess.ItisofgreatsignificancetodeeplyresearchtheindustrialheritageofNortheast;exploretheeffectivemethodstoprotectindustrialheritageandutilizethetourismvalue.ThispaperexpoundsthehistoricalvalueofNortheastindustrialheritageanditsbasicdistinctivefeaturesbasedonthehistoricalveinofthedevelopmentinNortheastRegion,andfurthermoreitanalyzesthecurrentsituationabouttheindustrialheritageprotectionofNortheastRegionandtourismutilization.ItalsobringsforwardthemajorstrategiesonindustrialheritageprotectionandtourismutilizationofNortheastRegion.Keywords:industrialheritage；historicalvalue；basicdistinctivefeatures；majorstrategies；NortheastRegion1953—。。[e-mail]。1161NATIONALPARKMODELANDIMPLICATIONSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSUSTAINABLENATURE-BASEDTOURISM———YOSEMITENATIONALPARKANDKOLINATIONALPARKCASESTUDIESZHANGHai-xia，WANGYu-ming（TheCenterforModernChineseCityStudies，EastChinaNormalUniversity，Shanghai200062，China）Abstract:Theconceptofnationalparkhasreceivedpositiveresponsesfromover150nationsacrosstheworld.Nationalparkisaprecinctwithmulti-objectivessuchasguaranteeingrecreationcitizenship,civilsharingonnatureheritages,protectingnaturalandecologicalenvironment,cultivatingnationalidentityandsoon.Ithasgrowntobeaneffectivedevelopmentmodelofsustainablenature-basedtourism(SNT).ThepaperanalyzesthemodelofYosemitenationalparkwiththebindingofnatureprotectionmovement,communityparticipationandstronginstitution,andtheoneofKolinationalparkwithcombinationofenvironmentaleducationandeco-labelenfo