英文写作(讲义2)

LutheranEnglishNotesVol2PrivateCirculationPage1PartOneWriting（RevisionwithGrammar）LutheranEnglishNotesVol2PrivateCirculationPage2WritingNarrativeEssaysSection1VerbsThemostimportantlanguageaspectinnarrativeessaysistheverb.Whetheryouwillpassdependsverymuchonyourchoiceofverbs,verbforms,tenses,etc.CriteriaforNarrativeEssaysVerbsExamplesScoreWrongFormsIwaswenttotheconcert.Iwasgototheconcert.Ihadgototheconcert.ForUCorrectFormsIwenttotheconcert.Iwasgoingtotheconcert.Ihadgonetotheconcert.ECorrectFormsandSomeCorrectUseIwenttotheconcertyesterday.IwenttotheconcertwhenIsawher.Hetoldmehesawmebefore.DCorrectFormsandCorrectUseIwenttotheconcertyesterday.IwasgoingtotheconcertwhenIsawher.Hetoldmehehadseenmebefore.CCorrectFormsandCorrectUse,withgoodtimephrases,linkageandstructureOnegloomyevening,Iwenttotheconcert.Onmywaytotheconcert,Isawher.JustasIwassearchingforthekey,sheappearedbeforeme.Thinkingthathehadlosthisway,hetookoutamap.AorB*Theunderlinedpartsaremistakes*Rangeofassessment:A,B,C,D,E(pass);F,U(fail)Topasstheexamination,youmustknowhowtousethethreepasttensescorrectly,namely(1)simplepast,(2)pastcontinuousand(3)pastperfect.LutheranEnglishNotesVol2PrivateCirculationPage3(1)ThePastSimpleDefinitetimeinthepastStarted/CompletedanactionDifferentformsofaverbCompletethistable:StatementsNegativeQuestionsHeworked.Hedidnotwork.Didhework?Heunderstood.Didhestudy?HedidnotreadProblemwordsCompletethistable:PresentPastPresentPaststudydigbroadcastwinbuyflowteachbatheflycatchthrowbeBeatbiteUsefulTimeExpressionsforthesimplepasttenseTwohours/days/weeksagoyesterdaythedaybeforeyesterdayin1997lastnight/Tuesday/week/month/summer/yearonMay251997*until1996yesterdayafternoon*e.g.Hedidn’tmovehereuntil1991.Topasstheexamination,youmustknowhowtowritecorrectstatementsandquestions.A.StatementsUsefulWritingSkillsSuccessionofactivitiesHewokeatseven,gotoutofbed,washed,shaved,dressed,randownstairs,atebreakfast,puthiscoaton,rushedtothebusstop,andtookabustothestation.LutheranEnglishNotesVol2PrivateCirculationPage4B.QuestionsYES/NOQUESTIONSDidBobrepairtheTVlastweek?WH-QUESTIONSWhatdidyoudrinkforbreakfastthismorning?Whatmadeyoulooksosad?C.NegativeCarlodidnotarriveinAustraliauntil1994.Therelationbetweenthesubjectandtheverbwilldeterminewhetheryoushouldusethepassiveoractivevoice.PassiveVoicewas/were+pastparticipleDependingonthesubject,theactiveorpassivevoiceshouldbeused.e.g.Hewasbornin1983.(bear)Singularorplural?e.g.Theywerecaughtbythepolice.(catch)Myideawasignoredbyeverybody.Passivevoice/adjective/pastparticiple?e.g.Hewasdisappointedwithmyresults.(Myresultsdisappointedhim.)Shewasconcernedabouthissafety.(Hissafetymadeherfeelconcerned.)Active/Passive?Someverbscanonlybeusedintheactivevoice.e.g.appear,occur,collapse,happenSomeverbscanbeusedinboththeactiveandthepassivevoice,withadifferenceinmeaning.e.g.Hedrowned/wasdrownedlastweekend.Themeetingadjourned/wasadjournedat3o’clock.LutheranEnglishNotesVol2PrivateCirculationPage5(2)ThePastContinuousAnactivitywascontinuingatthetimewhenanotheractivityoccurrede.g.IwastakingthetrainfromCentraltoTsuenWan(whenthethefthappened).ShewasshoutingasalltheotherpassengersonthetrainstaredatherChiefinterestisintheactivityitselfanditscontinuitye.g.Whatwereyoudoingallmorning?ShewaswatchingTVallevening.Thegirlsweremakingcakesthismorning.Shewaswritinglettersallafternoon.TimeExpressionsat11:00atmidnight/noonfrom12:00to2:00while+CLAUSETwoormoreactivitieswerecontinuingatthesametimee.gWhileIwassowingtheseeds,HarrywasdigginguppotatoesandGeorgewaspickingplums.LucywaspractisingthepianoandCarolwasbakingachocolatecake.UsefullinkingwordsLinkingwordscanimproveyourstyle,givingyouressayclarityandfluency.AdverbsNotesFirstThenEventuallyAfewdaysago....Atthatmoment....Later/Somewhatlater,....Afterwards,...Thenextday,....Oneday/nightInthemeantime/Meanwhile..Atthesametime...Afterawhile/aninterval...SoonFinallyAfterwardsAtTheSameTimeSomewhatLaterNextAtFirstAtThatMomentNotLongAgoSuddenlyLutheranEnglishNotesVol2PrivateCirculationPage6TEXTCOMPARISONApassagewithoutlinkingwords:Apassagewithlinkingwords:Iclimbedoutofthesubmarine,thesearoared,thewaveswereenormous,theytoweredaboveme.Ilookeddown,itwasallblack,Ilookedahead,therewasnolight.Thewavesroaredagain,Iwasfrightened,Idecidedtojumpintothewater.Iknewitwascold,itwasadifficultdecision.Ijumpedin,Isankdown.Thewavespouredoverme,Ididn'tknowwhichwayIwasgoing,Iwasthrownabout,Ilostmysenseofdirection.Icouldfeelaterriblechill,Icouldfeelitinallpartsofmybody,itwaslikeaknife.Imadeadecision,Iswamtowardstheothers,theywereallaroundme,Icouldseethemnow.Ifeltcomforted,myfeardisappeared,therewereotherpeoplearound.JustasIclimbedoutofthesubmarine,theseagaveatremendousroar,andIcouldseetheenormouswavestoweringaboveme.Ilookeddownandeverythingwasblack.Therewasnolighttobeseenahead,either.ThewavesroaredagainandIwassuddenlyveryafraid.Ihadtomakeamove,though,soIleaptintothewater,ignoringthefactthatitwascold,andIimmediatelysankdownasthewavespouredoverme.AtfirstIwasthrownabout.IdidnotknowwhichwayIwasmovingandIlostallsenseofdirect