09届高考英语句子成分高三英语课件

Byhuangxianyong语法复习----句子成分一、句子成分•（一）句子成分的定义：•构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。二）主语：•主语(Subiect)•是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：•Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.•WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.•One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.•Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.•Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.•Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）•WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.•Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语•谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：•1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.•2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语•表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：•OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）•Isityours?（代词）•Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）•Thespeechisexciting.（分词）•Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）•HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）•Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）•Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）•Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）•Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达证实，变成之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.（五）宾语•宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：•Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.•Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.•Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）•Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.•Hepretendednottoseeme.•Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.•Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）•宾语种类：•（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.•（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.•下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,except,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.•下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.•下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。（六）宾语补足语•英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：•HisfathernamedhimDongming.•Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.•Letthefreshairin.•Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.•Wesawherenteringtheroom.•Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.•Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语•修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：•Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）•Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）•Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）•HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）•Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）•Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）•HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）•Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句)（八）状语•修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：•Lighttravelsmostquickly.•Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.•Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）•Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.•Waitaminute.•Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）状语种类如下：•Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?•Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.•Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.•MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.•Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）•Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.•Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.•Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.•Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.•Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）•同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.•插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.练习指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：•1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.•2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.•3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.•4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!•5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.•6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.•7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.•8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.•9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.•10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.•11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.•12.Tomcametoaskmefor