cynicism

whatisthecynicism•cynicism,initsoriginalform,referstothebeliefsofanancientschoolofGreekphilosophersknownastheCynics,whosephilosophywasthatthepurposeoflifewastolivealifeofvirtueinagreementwithNature.TheCynicsrejectedallconventionaldesiresforwealth,power,sex,andfame,advocatingthepursuitofvirtuebylivingasimplelifefreefromallpossessions.•Intheiropinion,asreasoningcreatures,peoplecouldgainhappinessbyrigoroustrainingandbylivinginawaywhichwasnaturalfromhumans.Theyalsobelievedthattheworldbelongedequallytoeveryone,andthatsufferingwascausedbyfalsejudgmentofwhatwasvaluableandbytheworthlesscustomsandconventionswhichsurroundedsociety.Thedevelopmentofcynicism•TheschoolofcynicismisoneofthefourmajorschoolsofancientGreece.•Cynicsbelievethattruehappinesswasnotbasedonthefleetingadvantagesofexternalenvironment.Everybodycouldgethappiness,andonceowned,theywouldnotloseitforever.Inaddition,therewasnoneedforpeopletoworryaboutneithertheirhealthnorothers'.•Theearlycynicismwasextremelyserious.OneofthemostfamouscynicswasDiogenes.第欧根尼的桶和阳光Laterdevelopmentofthecynicism•Ascynicismbecomemoreandmorepopularityconnotationchangedgreatly.•latecynicismthoughtthatsincetherewasnoso-callednobleness,therefore,everythingwasacceptable.Theresultofthethoughtwasthattheyacceptedallthesecularconcepts,includingtheworstpart.P8Moderncynicism•Moderncynicismisaformofsocietyandculture,whichusesmisdoubttogainrationality.•Themoderncynics’expressionofradicalmisdoubtisthattheyevendon’tbelievethattheworld,theydon'tbelievecanbechanged,theychangetheirdissatisfactionstotheexistingorderintonon-rejectionofunderstandingandnon-resistantofclearnessandnon-identityofacceptance.犬儒主义-现代犬儒主义特征•◆多了世故的圆滑，少了正义的冲动，一个人就成了犬儒。◆肯思考的人才会变成犬儒，变成犬儒后你就可以不再思考。◆犬儒的口头禅：“什么都是假的，只有钱是真的。”“真理值多少钱？”“自由能当饭吃吗？”◆当强权在欺侮弱小时，犬儒的态度是：“都不是好东西，我谁也不帮。”◆犬儒不分善恶，但他不一定是不知善恶。◆也许不应该把犬儒视为罪恶，但犬儒是罪恶的存在条件，是犬儒使罪恶成为可能。◆犬儒本来未必全是势利，但是他既然抹杀了善恶是非，结果到头来就只剩下了势利。◆从愤世嫉俗到玩世不恭，中间只有不显眼的一小步。◆犬儒病：气血亏虚，中年后易得此病。◆犬儒不只是失望，犬儒是放弃希望，并转而嘲笑希望。◆犬儒主义者未免太自卑了，他们不相信个人有改变现实的力量。犬儒主义者又未免太自大了，他们以为只有他们才对现实感到不满。◆绝对的权力令人腐败，绝对的无权也令人腐败，因为两者都容易使人相信权力就是一切。◆专制的目的是把人变成犬儒，而犬儒却以为只有他们才看透了专制。◆极端主义看上去是犬儒主义的死对头，其实不然。在每一个极端主义的内心深处，无不隐藏着深刻的犬儒主义。◆给别人奋斗泼冷水的人，往往不是从不奋斗的人，而是那些自己曾经奋斗过、但没有成功、然后放弃了奋斗的人。◆犬儒很有些象道家，原本是积极的消极，后来却变成消极的消极。◆犬儒主义是循环论证的自我实现的悲观主义：犬儒主义不相信理想可以实现，所以他不去为理想而努力，所以理想就不会实现，所以他就更不相信，所以就更不努力，所以就更不相信，所以……◆世故意味着发达的头脑和萎缩的良心。Thankyou