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《英语词汇学》复习资料IntroductionEnglishasaglobal1.Lexicology（词汇学）isabranchoflinguistics（语言学）.2.Lexicology和哪些重要的学科建立了联系1)Morphology（构词学）2)Semantics（语义学）3)Stylistics（语体学）4)Etymology（词源学）3.研究lexicology的两大方法1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学Chapter1Lexicologyandbasicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary1.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitrary(任意的)andconventional（约定的,俗称的）.3.sound＆formThesoundshouldbesimilarto/consistentwiththeform,buttherearesomeillogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes（抄写员）4)borrowing4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.5.ClassificationofWordsbasicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Saxonwordsfrequencynotionoriginnonbasic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loan(1)Thecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformstheAllnationalcharactercommoncareofthelanguage.Stability（稳定性）Productivity（多产性）Polysemy（一词多义）Collocability（可搭配性）neutralinstyle（中立性）(2)Twofeatureofnativewordsfrequentinuse据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?50,000to60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)(3)什么叫borrowedwords?1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary1.OldEnglish属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（印欧语系）——Germanic（日耳曼语系），与德语最相似.2.History1）OldEnglish（450-1150）a.Thefirstpeopleknowntoinhabit（居住）EnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic（凯尔特语）.b.ThesecondlanguagewastheLatin（拉丁语）oftheRomanLegions（罗马军队）.Romaninvasion→Anglo-Saxon三个事件TheintroductionofChristianity→拉丁文的涌入Vikinginvasion（北欧海盗）andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）TheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish——上层人物13世纪末Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiodeasel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？MiddleEnglish,Dutch（带来了2500个词汇）3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）TheRenaissance（文艺复兴）:LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage（文化遗产）.TheIndustrialRevolution（工业革命）:17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization（殖民化）,Britishtentacles（魔爪）beganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorb（吸收）wordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.十六世纪，有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致soundandform出现concord（一致）和standardization第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu标准化Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语Threemainsources（来源）newwordsTherapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologySocial,economicandpoliticalchangesTheinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguagesThreemodesofvocabularydevelopmentCreation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）Chapter3ThestructureofEnglishwords1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）Free→canstandaloneasaword/independentofothermorphemesTypeprefixation前缀Lexical→derivational→affixationBound→addedtoothermorphemessuffixation后缀Grammatical→inflectional2.Morph——Amorphememustberealizedbydiscrete（离散的）units.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.Monomorphenicwords——morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.Allomorph（词素变体）——Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.3.Root——Arootisthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.（Whatremainsofawordaftertheremovalofallaffixes.）Stem——aformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Base——referstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Itcanbearootorstem.astemmayconsistofasinglerootortworootsandarootplusaaffix.astemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict加以理论的分析(1)Bothnationanddictbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,(2)Nationasafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved,nationasafreeroot,stillremainsDictisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatically,dictcarriesthefundamentalmeaningofwords,dicthastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenewwords,forexample,dictionary,contradiction.Chapter4Word-formationinEnglish1.Therearefourmaintypesofword-formationinEnglish.(1)★Affixation（prefixationandsuffixation）构词能力最强Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestostems.(2)Compounding/Composition复合法——alexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.eg:blue-stocking有教养的女子moonwalk太空步toothache牙痛deadline截止期限brainwashing洗脑stockholder股东outbreak爆发sit-in静坐罢工going-over苛斥；毒打；严格的检查crybaby爱哭的人；宝贝cleaninglady清