中国传统文化(英文)

AmazingLandChinaScenicspotsinChinaTheImperialPalaceTheGreatWallTaishanTheHuangdiMausoleumBeautifulChina•ChinaisoneoftheFourAncientCivilizations(alongsideBabylon,IndiaandEgypt),accordingtoChinesescholarLiangQichao(1900).Itboastsavastgeographicexpanse,3,600yearsofwrittenhistory,aswellasarichandprofoundculture.ManyaspectsofChineseculturecanbetracedbackmanycenturiesago.Chinesecultureissodiverseandunique,yetharmoniouslyblended,andpresentsitselfaninvaluableassettotheworld.ChineseCivilizationOracleoneoftheoldestlanguageintheworldDescendantsoftheDragonChineseArtsandCraftsItiscommonknowledgethatChinahasalonghistoryandglorious['ɡlɔ:riəs](光荣的)historyinbothartsandtraditionalcrafts.Chineseart,likeChineseliterature,goesbackmanycenturies.Earlythemesweredevelopedfromreligious[ri'lidʒəs](宗教的)andsupernatural(超自然的)beliefsorfromthenaturalenvironmentandlandscape.Theartsandcraftsarenotonlytheembodiment[im'bɔdimənt](体现)ofthepeople'slongingforaesthetic[i:s'θetik](审美的)beautyforthemselvesandasgiftsforothers,butalsogreattreasuresforChinaandtherestoftheworld.ChinesePaintingisdividedintothreegenres(流派)-figures,landscapes,andbirds-and-flowersandeachtypehasitsdistinctivecharacteristics.Inaddition,difficultskillsarerequiredtothepaintersofChinesepainting.ThetoolsusedintraditionalChinesepaintingarepaintbrush(毛笔),ink,traditionalpaintandspecialpaperorsilk.BathingHorsesbyZhaoMengfu(赵孟頫)ChinesePotterymaybetheoldestartwork（艺术品)ofhumanbeings.AsfarbackastheNeolithic[,ni:əu'liθik]Age(新石器时代)(morethan8,000yearsago),peoplebeganmixing(v.混合)clayandwaterthenbakingituntilithelditsshape.Ancientpeopleattachedtheword'pottery'totheirdiscoveryandusedittocreatevariousvessels(容器)andtoolstoimprovethequalityoflife.Overthecourseofthousandsofyears,potterybecamedominant['dɔminənt](支配的)waresinpeople'sdailylife:usedtocook,tostorethings,andtoholdcuisineorwatersasdishes.Abasinwiththepatternofhumanfaceandfish,NeolithicAgeAstimepassed,thetechniquebecamemoreandmoreconsummate(至上的).Differentkindsofpotteryappearedindifferenttimesandregions.YangshaoCulture,5,000-7,000yearsagototoday,developedatechniqueforpaintedpottery.QujialingCultureandLongshanCulture,datingbackabout4,000yearsago,wereknownfortheirblackpottery.DuringtheShangDynasty(16th-11thcenturyBC)bronzevesselsgrewintosomewhat(几分)ofastatussymbol(社会地位象征);commonpeople,though,stillusedtraditionalclaypottery.Workshopsofgreyandwhitepotterstooktheartisticfeaturesofbronzewares(商品)anddecoratedtheirarticlesornately.apotteryfromYangshaoCulturePaper-cutingisaverydistinctivevisualart(视觉艺术)ofChinesehandicrafts(手工艺).Itoriginatedfrom(发源于)the6thcenturywhenwomenusedtopaste(张贴)goldenandsilverfoil(银箔)cuttingsontotheirhairatthetemples,andmenusedtheminsacredrituals（神圣的仪式）.Later,theywereusedduringfestivalstodecorategatesandwindows.Afterhundredsofyears'development,nowtheyhavebecomeaverypopularmeansofdecorationamongcountryfolk,especiallywomen.Themaincuttingtoolsaresimple:paperandscissors[‘sizəz]（剪刀）oranengraving[in’ɡreiviŋ]（雕刻）knife,butcleveranddeft（灵巧的）craftspeopleareremarkably（显著地）goodatcuttinginthethemeofdailylife.Whenyoulookatitemsmadeinthismethodcarefully,youwillbeamazedbythetruetolifeexpressionsofthefigure‘ssentimentandappearance,orportrayal[pɔ:’treiəl]（描绘）ofnaturalplantsandanimals‘diversegestures（姿态）.Patternsofchrysanthemumdisplaythecurlingpetals（卷曲的花瓣）,piedmagpies（喜鹊）showtheirtinyfeathersandotherssuchasamarrieddaughterreturningtoherparents'home,oryoungpeoplepayingaNewYearcalltotheirgrandparents.PekingOperaandLocalOperasChinaboasts（以有…而自豪）morethan300formsoftraditionalopera,ofwhichPekingOperaisthemostpopular.Pekingoperawasevolvedfrom（由…进化）theKunquOpera,anevenmoreancientartofdrama.Thelatterwaslistedamongthefirstbatchofmankind’srepresentativeworksoforalandnonmaterial[,nɔnmə‘tiəriəl]（非物质的）heritage[’heritidʒ]（遗产）bytheUNESCO[ju:‘neskəu]（联合国教科文组织）inMay2001.PekingOperaasauniqueartcombiningsinging,music,chanting（念咒）,dancingandmartialartsintoone,tookshapeintheearly19thcenturyinBeijing.Intheover200yearsofperformancepractice,PekingOperahasdevelopedcharacteristictypesofmeterinmusicandstylized[’stailaizd]（风格化）movementsofperformers,aswellasmorethan1,000routines（惯例）intherepertoire[‘repətwɑ:]（全部节目）.Succeeding（随后的）agroupofoutstandingPekingOperaactorsandactresses,includingMeiLanfang,ChengYanqiu,MaLianliang,ZhouXinfangandDuJinfang,youngartistsareconstantlybreathingnewlifeintoPekingOpera.Theemergence[i‘mə:dʒəns]（展露）ofyoungactorsandactresseswithbeautiful,elegantstageappearances,suchasWangRongrongandYuKuizhi,sincethe1990shasdemonstrated（证明）thatPekingOperahasqualifiedsuccessors（合格的继承人）Localoperashavemadecontinuousreformsonthebasisofkeepingtheirbasictraditions.PopularlocaloperasincludeYueju(ShaoxingOperafromZhejiang),Huangmeixi(fromAnhui),Chuanju(SichuanOpera),Yuju(HenanOpera),andYueju(GuangdongOpera).TibetanOperahasareligioustinge（宗教的味道）andisimbuedwith（灌输）Tibetanethnic[‘eθnik]（种族的）folklore[’fəuklɔ:]（民间传说）.Itisbold（大胆的)andunconstrained(不受约束的),andisbecomingmoreandmorepopularbothathomeandabroad.Inaddition,moderndramaintroducedfromforeigncountrieshasbeendevelopedconsi