跨文化交际1

Cross-CulturalCommunicationWhatiscommunication?CommunicationcomesfromaLatinword,whichmeans“tomakecommon.”Communicationisconsideredaprocessbecauseitisanactivity,exchange,orsetofbehaviors---notanunchanging,staticproduct,inwhichweparticipate.HowmanyChinesewordsyoucanthinkofthatareusedtoexpresscommunication?交际、交流、传播、沟通说了话，对方懂了，这是交际，也是沟通。说了话，对方莫名其妙，这不是沟通，只是交际—不产生效果或产生反效果的交际。（王宗炎）★definitionofcommunication☆uptonowthereareasmanyasover100definitionsofcommunication.☆theprocessinwhichonepartygivesthemessagethatisreceivedbytheotherparty.☆inageneralsense,communicationreferstotheorexchangeofinformation,ideas,feelingsandsoon.Simplyput,itmeansgettingacrossourideas,views,feeling,emotions,etc.•Whatisculture?FiveDimensionsofCultureProductsPerspectivesPracticesCommunitiesPersonsProducts---tangible(tools,clothing,writtendocuments)&intangible(education,economy,politics…)Practices---actionsandinteractions,verbalandnonverbalPerspectives---perceptions,beliefs,valuesandattitudes,bothexplicitandimplicitCommunities---specificsocialcontexts,circumstancesandgroupsofpeoplecarryingoutculturalpractices.Persons---individualandcollective,psychologicalWhatisCulture?•Cultureinvolvestangibleformsorstructures(products)thatindividualmembersoftheculture(persons)useinvariousinteractions(practices)inspecificsocialcircumstancesandgroups(communities)inwaysthatreflecttheirvalues,attitudesandbeliefs(perspectives).TheCharacteristicsofCulture1)Cultureisnotinnate;itislearned.Loudthunderbringslittlerain.(Chinese)Arealmasterdoesnotshow.(Chinese)Nothingdonewithintelligenceisdonewithoutspeech.(Greek)Womenhavebuttworesidences-thehouseandthetomb.(Algerian)Hewhostirsanother’sporridgeoftenburnshisown.(Swedish)Orderishalfoflife.(German)TheCharacteristicsofCulture2)CultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationTheCharacteristicsofCulture•3)Cultureisethnocentricpoem:WeandTheySoWhatisIntercultural/Cross-culturalCommunication?•afieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsendeavortocommunicate.ObjectivesofThisCourse•Cometoseehowcultureinfluencesourinteractionwithpeopleofdifferentculturalgroups•Learntopredictandsolvepossibleproblemsininterculturalcommunication•Learntoappreciateculturesofothersandbetterunderstandourownculture•Increaseourcross-culturalawarenessLecture1•Non-verbalCommunicationContent•Lead-in•Definitionofnon-verbalcommunication(NVC)•ClassificationsofNVC•Cross-CulturalDifferencesinNVC1)bodylanguage2)timelanguage3)spatiallanguage4)objectlanguage•Whenyouspeak,youcommunicate.Whenyoudon’tspeak,youmaystillbecommunicating.Doyouagree?Whyorwhynot?•Conclusion:speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.DiscussionThewaypeopleusetocommunicatewitheachother:---verballanguageSpoken---Writtenlanguage---Non-verballanguageDefinitionofNVC•Nonverbalcommunicationiscommunicationwithoutwords.•Nonverbalcommunicationisthestudyoffacialexpressions,touch,time,gestures,smell,eyebehavior,andsoon.DefinitionofNVC•Nonverbalcommunicationwillbedefinedastheprocessbywhichnonverbalbehaviorsareused,eithersinglyorincombinationwithverbalbehaviors,intheexchangeandinterpretationofmessageswithinagivensituationorcontext.(L.A.Malandro,1983)ClassificationofNVC•Bodylanguage:posture,headmovement,facialexpressions,eyebehavior,gestures,handshaking,armmovement,legmovementetc.•Objectlanguage:clothing,personalartifacts,hair,etc.•Environmentallanguage:timelanguage,spatiallanguage,color,light,signsandsymbols,architecture,etc.•Paralanguage:sound,pitch,tempoofspeech,turn-taking,silenceBelieveitornot•Inface-to-facecommunication65%oftheinformationiscommunicatedthroughnonverbalmeans(Samovar,1981;Ross,1974)–Support:CharlieChaplinswepttheworldwithhissilentfilmsBelieveitornot•Inthecommunicationofattitudes,93%ofthemessageistransmittedbythetoneofthevoiceandfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%ofthespeaker’sattitudewastransmittedbywords(Levine,1981)–Support:Loversexpressemotionswithsparklingeyesandblushingfacesortouching,huggingandkissing.Wordsaretoopaleforthem!It’snotwhathesaid,butthewayhesaidit.---EnglishSayingThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlips.---WilliamShakespearegesturemeaning_______one’spalmstogetherand_____one’sheadonthebackofone’shandwhile_______theeyes__________movingthehand________overthestomachafterameal________________one’sstomachbeforeameal__________Canyoushowsomeuniversalgestures?pressingincirclesrestingclosingpattingIamtired.Iamfull.Iamhungry.UniversialitiesofNVLSaywhatyoudowhenyou…MeaningAction1.Meetafriend.2.Showsb.theway.3.Seeafriendinthedistance.4.Sayyes.5.Sayno.6.Saywho?me?7.saygoodbye.Shakehandsandsay:pleasedtomeetyouPointinthedirection.Waveone’shand.Nodone’sheadupanddown.Shakeone’sheadfromsidetoside.Pointtomyselfandputonasurprisedexpression.Shakeone’shandandsay:goodbye.goodcomeherebadWhatdotheymean?Whatdotheymean?goodluckmeWell-doneOkstopquietvictoryWhatdoesthefollowingsignmeantoyou?UniversialitiesinNVC•Youshouldfindthatyouinterpretedtheemotionssimilarlytootherpeople.Indeed,researchsuggeststhatyouwouldinterpretthemsimilarlytopeoplefromotherculturestoo.