语言学期末总结

第一章1.语言的基本特征？Designfeaturesoflanguage?(p4-7)Arbitrariness,Duality,CreativityandDisplacement2.Arbitrariness的三层含义？What’sthethreedifferentlevelsofArbitrariness?①therelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaningisarbitrary②languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel,inotherwords,syntaxislessarbitrarythanwords③conventionalityistheothersideofthecoinofarbitrariness.3.Duality和Displacement的定义？(p5)ByDUALITYismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganizations.4.语言的功能？Functionsoflanguage?（p9）Informative,function,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunction,metalingualfunction.5.Performative的定义？（p11）Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.6.Mainbranchesoflinguistics?(p15)Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.7.Psycholinguistics?(p18)PSYCHOLINGUISTICSinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.Inthepsycholinguisticstudyofgrammar,thepsycholinguisticconstraintsontheformofgrammarareexamined.Italsostudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition;biologicalfoundationsoflanguage;andaprofoundaspect—therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition.8.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics中各分点的定义？(p19)9.1.9.3Langue&Parole(p21)10.Saussure现代语言学的开山鼻祖11.Chomsky美国语言学家，转换-生成语法的创始人第二章12.语音学研究的三个领域？thethreemainareasofthestudyofsounds(Phonetics)?（p24）①ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.②AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.③PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththepercecptionofspeechsounds.13.元音与辅音的区别?Thedistinctionbetweenconsonantsandvowels?（p29）Consonantsareproduced”byaclosureinthevocaltract,,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction”.Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuch”stricture”sothat”airescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose”.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.14.发音方式与发音位置?Themannerandtheplaceofarticulation?（p30\31已划出）Themannerofarticulation:thereare8tmannersofarticulation.Stop(orPlosive),Nasal,Fricative,Approximant,Lateral,Trill,TapandFlap,Affricate.Theplaceofarticulation:thereare11placesofarticulation.Bilabial,Labiodental,Dental,Alveolar,Postalveolar,Retroflex,Palatal,Velar,Uvular,Pharyngeal,Glottal15.记忆所有元音、基础元音（CARDINALVOWELS）（p33\36坐标法）16.记忆辅音（辅音表）（p35Table2.1）17.了解RP,GA（p36Table2.3……）18.元音的四个指标?ThefourbasicrequirementsofthedescriptionofEnglishvowels?（p37已划出）①theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low).②thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back).③thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short).④lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded).19.辅音的指标20.Coarticulation的两个分类?（p38已划出）Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflanmb,itisknownasAnticipatoryCoarticulation.Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisPerseverativeCoarticulation,asisthecaseofmap.21.超音段的四个主要特征?Thefourprincipalsuprasegmentals?（p49已划出）SyllableStructure,Stress,Intonation,Tone.22.一个音节由哪两个部分构成?（p50已划出）Wecandivideasyllableintotwoparts,theRhyme(orRime)andtheOnset.23.英语前面最多允许多少个辅音？在结尾最多允许……Coda位置(p50已划出)第三章24.词的三层含义?Threesensesof“word”?（p553.11的三个小标题）①Aphysicaldefinableunit②Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm③Agrammaticalunit25.Howtoideatifyword?（p57三个标准，三个小标准）Stability,RelativeUninterruptibility,Aminimumfreeform26.词的分类?Classificationofwords?(p58)Theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants(asinsixth)①Variableandinvariablewords②Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords③Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords④Wordclass27.Variable/invariablewords各自的概念（p58）Variablewords:variablewordsmayhaveinflectivechanges.Thatis,thesamewordmayhavedifferentgrammaticalformsbutpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.Invariablewords:invariablewordsrefertothosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.28.Grammaticalwords和lexicalwords各自的概念(p58)Grammaticalwords:wordswhichmainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clause,clausecomplex,oreventextaregrammaticalwords,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.Lexicalwords:wordswhichmainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs,arelexicalwords.Lexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilegrammaticalonesservetolinktogetherdifferentcontentparts,solexicalwordsarealsoknownasCONTENTWORDSandgrammaticalonesasFUNCTIONWORDS.29.Morpheme的概念(p61)Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritisl