性别语言学-Gender-Linguistics

GenderDifferencesinLanguageUseThedifferentdiscoursesbetweenBoysandGirlsafterahaircut：甲：呀，你理发了！乙：是呀，今天我男朋友来甲：真漂亮！乙：还可以吧，我也不是很满意了甲：相当不错的，你看你留这种头发就很好看的，我就不行了乙：不是呀，你可以试试的甲：我不行的了。我的脸太圆乙：说得也是，你为什么不试试瘦脸霜呢？挺好使得甲：我试过了，也不行呀。乙：那你用用**的，听说效果还是不错的甲：那个牌子的小丽用过了，没什么效果的乙：小丽的脸型多漂亮呀！还用瘦脸霜干什么呀！甲：就是呀，我觉得她长的多漂亮呀！特别像***乙：哦，对了。听说***拍了一不新电视剧，你看了吗？甲：我也听说了，不过一直没找到什么地方能下呀。怎么？你下了？乙：没有，不过男朋友给我带来。甲：你看看，你男朋友对你多好。我男朋友能有她一半就好了乙：你男朋友也不错的，那次你感冒了看把他忙的！甲：什么呀！我感冒还不是因为他！要不是陪她去买电影票能感冒吗？乙：哦，那次你们看的什么电影？甲：是***没意思的。不过主演**还是很帅的乙：**？哦，就是演*****的那个吧！甲：就是了，他其实演技一般，就是那双眼睛特别迷人。乙：嗯，发型也很好的。我做头发的时候看有个人也做的那个发型甲：是吗？！！你在那里做的？那个发型很难的，我让我男朋友也做一个！乙：我在**发屋做的。甲：哦，就是**边上哪一家吧！乙：是呀。那里有个男生可帅了，就是他会！甲：你说的是长的像***的那个吧！乙：嗯！甲：我也注意他好久了，没想到手艺这么好乙：呀，我男朋友已经到了半天了，我下去接她了甲：好吧。拜拜乙：白白...........AgirlafterahaircutABoyafterahaircut甲：呀，剃头了乙：呵呵，剃了甲：真tm傻乙：Damn!AbriefintroductionLanguageandgenderisanareaofstudywithinsociolinguistics,appliedlinguistics,andrelatedfieldsthatinvestigatesvarietiesofspeechassociatedwithaparticulargender,orsocialnormsforsuchgenderedlanguageuse.Avarietyofspeech(orsociolect)associatedwithaparticulargenderissometimescalledagenderlect.ThestudyofgenderandlanguageinsociolinguisticsandgenderstudiesisoftensaidtohavebegunwithRobinLakoff's1975book,LanguageandWoman'sPlace,aswellassomeearlierstudiesbyLakoff.Thestudyoflanguageandgenderhasdevelopedgreatlysincethe1970s.ProminentscholarsincludeDeborahCameron,PenelopeEckert,JanetHolmes,DeborahTannen,andothers.Subfieldsoflinguisticsconductingresearchbearingonlanguage&gender:1.Phonetics2.Discourseanalysis3.SociolinguisticsTerminology:sexvs.genderSexisabiologicaldeterminantGendercarriespsychologicalandsociologicalimplicationsInbiologicalsciences,sexdifferencesareinnate,chromosomally(染色体)determinedcharacteristicsthatdistinguishbetweenmalesandfemales,Inpsychologicalandsociologicalsciencesgenderdifferencesrefertomaleorfemaletraitsthatresultfromlearningandsocialroles.PhoneticsSex-relatedvariabilityDifferentiationofspeechbehaviorbetweenmalesandfemalesrelatedtophysiological,neurologicalandbiologicalfactors.Gender-relatedvariabilityDifferentiationofspeechbehaviorbetweenmalesandfemalesrelatedtogenderroles.PerceivedvisibilityofsexhasleadtomaskingofgendereffectsPhoneticsSex-relatedvariabilityDifferentiationofspeechbehaviorbetweenmalesandfemalesrelatedtophysiologicalmechanismsofspeechmales:largerlarynx（喉咙）=lowerpitch17-24mm(males)13-17mm(females)PhoneticsSex-relatedvariabilityVowelqualitydifferences:AcousticanalysisandnormalizationLinguisticadvantagestendingtocorrelatewithfemalesexlesslikelytostutterlesslikelytoacquireaphasias(speechdisorders)lesslikelytohavereadingdisabilitiesThereareveryfewbiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemalesthathaveaneffectonlanguage.Thesedifferencesrelatetovocalproduction,andalmostnevertolanguageuse.DiscourseAnalysisDiscourseAnalysis:Thestudyofthelinguisticregularitiesincontinuousstretchesofspeech,withspecificattentiontofunctionsofconversationalstructures(topic,turn-taking,gap-overlap).ConversationalRitualsGettingCreditConfidenceandBoastingApologiesComplimentsFeedbackAskingQuestionsTagQuestionsExamplesConversationalRitualsGirlstendtolearnconversationalritualsthatfocusontherapportdimensionofrelationshipswhereasboystendtolearnritualsthatfocusonthestatusdimension”(Tannen,1995,p.140).GettingCreditMentendtouse“I”,evenwhenreferringtodecisionsagrouphasmade,whilewomentendtouse“we”whenreferringtoacollectivedecision(Tannen,2001)ConfidenceandBoastingWomenbelievethattheiraccomplishmentswilleventuallybecomeknownandthenthey’llgetrecognitionKeepingsecretsandnotboastingofone’saccomplishmentsisseenbymenaslackofconfidence(Tannen,1995)Apologies“WomentendtosayI’msorrymorefrequentlythanmen,andoftentheyintenditinthisway—asaritualizedmeansofexpressingconcern(Tannen,1995,p.143).ConfidenceandBoastingAskingQuestionsMenhavebeensocializednottoaskquestionsbecauseitmayplacetheminaonedownpositionWomenontheotherhandaskquestionsandmaybeperceivedbymenasnotbeingverysmartTagQuestionsAtagquestionisadeclarativestatementthathasbeenturnedintoaquestionwiththeuseofatag,suchas“ThewarinVietnamisterrible,isn’tit?”(Lakoff,1975)Putsthespeakerinaonedownpositionbecausethespeakersoundsasthoughconfirmation,reassurance,orapprovalissoughtComplimentsWomenprefertohavepraiseforajobwelldone;thelackofpraisemeanssomethingiswrongMenbelievethateverythingisfineunlessoneistoldthereisaproblem(Tannen,2001)FeedbackWomentendtoprovidefeedbackinawaythatwillsavefacefortherecipientbutdoesnotgettothemainpointimmediately(Tannen,1995).DiscourseanalysisMisunderstandingbetweenboysandgirls:WhythegirlsalwayssayYESwhiletheboysneverlistentoothers?AresearchconductedbyMarjorieHarnessGoodwintoanalyzethelanguageemployedbytheboysandgirlsinorganizingasameactivity.Thediscourseintheprocessoftheactivitymakeshugedifference:DiscourseAnalysisInthegroupof:GirlsHighfrequencyutterances:We,let’scould,sortof,about,abit,maybeBoysGiveme,look,now,Iwant,listen,need,goaway,that’smineFeaturesofdiscourse:SeldomusedirectivesAlwaysgiveconsentandsupportNon-HierarchyViseversaExamplesGirls:Non-hierarchyEachmemberofthisgroupco