motivation-II-&-chapter-4

3.Logicalmotivation–Logicalmotivation（逻辑理据）dealswiththeproblemofdefiningaconceptbymeansoflogic.Itmeans,first,identifytheconceptofagenus（种概念）,second,toidentifytheattributesdistinguishingonespecies（属差）fromothersimilarspeciesinthesamegenus.4.1Compoundscombiningspeciesandgenus–Crisis---economicalcrisis,financialcrisis,spiritualcrisis,ecologicalcrisis,creditcrisis,militarycrisis,identitycrisis–Relations---internationalrelations,businessrelations,diplomaticrelations,bilateralrelations4.2Clippedcompoundsbyshorteningspeciesorgenus–drugfromnarcoticdrug•Heisaddictedtodrugs.–pillfrombirthcontrolpill–TheHillfromtheCapitolHill–NobelfromNobelPrize4.MotivationandCulture•Relation–Motivationiscloselyrelatedtocultureandhistory.InEnglish,somewordsareendowedwithrichculturalconnotations.Wordsthatepitomizeculturalhistoryarecallculturally-boundwordsorallusivewords.Thesewordsoriginatedfromreligion,mythology,historyandliterature.Examples–forbiddenfruit:sth.alluringbutprohibitedbecauseofterribleconsequences–Odyssey:along,adventurousjourney–thelaststraw:thelastthingthatleadsonetoafinallossofpatience,temper,trust,orhope–Waterloo:afinal,crushingdefeat,eg.meetone'sWaterloo–UncleTom:apersonwhocompromisesandconformsTipsfortranslation•力大如牛•守口如瓶•如雨后春笋•如热锅上的蚂蚁•覆水难收•胆小如鼠•asstrongasahorse•asdumpasanoyster;assilentasthegrave;ascloseaswax•springuplikeamushroom•likeacatonhotbricks•It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.•AstimidasarabbitExercises•______________referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.•Motivationexplainswhyaparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.SemanticmotivationTChapterFourSemanticFeaturesComponentialAnalysis成分分析Whatiscomponentialanalysis?Theanalysisofwordmeanings(componentialanalysis)isoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents,whichareknownassemanticfeatures(语义特征)orsensecomponents(语义成分).Componentialanalysisisonthebasisofsemanticcontrast.Conventionally,theseminimalcomponentscanbesymbolizedintermsofbinarity/binaryopposition对分法.Eg:+ADULT(man),-ADULT(boy).Sensecomponentsareconventionallyenclosedinsquarebracketsorparenthesisorwithout.Theyareallwrittenincapitallettersorinsmallletterswiththefirstletterincapitaltodistinguishthemfromlexicalitems.man[+MALE,+ADULT,+HUMAN]woman[-MALE,+ADULT,+HUMAN]boy[+MALE,-ADULT,+HUMAN]girl[-MALE,-ADULT,+HUMAN]bullock[+MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN]cow[-MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN]Inmakingcomponentialanalysis,itisimportanttofocusonthedistinguishingfeatures,i.e.featureswhichcandistinguishonewordfromanother.Eg:Betweenflower,chair,dictionaryandhope,thought,problem,thedistinguishfeatureis[+CONCRETE].•Betweenflower,chair,dictionaryandwater,money,light,thedistinguishfeatureis___________________.•Betweenflower,chair,dictionaryandchild,monkey,fish,thedistinguishfeatureis___________________.•Betweenflower,chair,dictionaryandAmerica,UFO,Lincoln,thedistinguishfeatureis___________________.[+COUNT][+ANIMATE][+COMMON]2.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcomponentialanalysis.•Advantages:•Mainadvantageisthatitenablesustohaveanexactknowledgeoftheconceptualmeaningofaword.•Thesecond:Aknowledgeofthesemanticfeaturesofwordshelpustochoosetherightwordsorcollocation.•Thethird:byspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,wemaybetteraccountforsenserelations.Synonymy----havingthesamesemanticcomponentsAntonymy-----havingacontrastingcomponentDisadvantages:itschiefdrawbacksistheimpossibilityofmakingalistoftheinfinitenumberofsemanticfeatures.Thesecond,theanalysisofwordmeaningintoitssensecomponentsisnotenough.Thethird,itdoesnotalwaysworktomakeanacceptablesentenceortotellwhyasentenceisanomalous,sinceitwouldbesenselesstoanalyzethemeaningofeverywordbybreakingitintoitsmeaningcomponentsandmanywordsareoftenusedfigurativelywithoutobservingthenormal“usagerules”.