时态、语态、非谓语动词

动词时态重要考点：完成时。过去完成时现在完成时将来完成时一、用过去完成时的几个典型情况：by+过去时间：bythen,uptothen,tillthen,By1988,scientistssurelyhaddiscoveredcureforthecommoncold.Itwasthefirst/second/lasttime+从句Thiswasthesecondtimehehadbeenoutwithheralone.注：itisthefirst/second/lasttimethat…用现在完成时。固定结构：hardly/scarcely/barely…when…;nosooner…than…表示“刚刚就…，不等就…”。1.Shehadhardly(scarcely,barely)gonetobedwhenthebellrang.2.Nosoonerhadtheyleftthebuildingthanabombexploded.注：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。二、用将来完成时的典型情况：by+将来时间Wewillhavemadeourcountryoneofthemediumdevelopedcountriesintheworldbytheyearof2050.BynextMonday,shewillhavestudiedhereforthreeyears.三、现在完成进行时Have/has+been+动词ING形式1、强调动作在一段时间内反复发生。Wehavebeenseeingquitealotofeachotherrecently.最近我们常常见面。Wherehaveyoubeen?Wehavebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.你刚才在哪儿？我们一直在到处找你呢！Hehasbeensayingthatforyears.这话他已经说了好几年了。Ithasbeenrainingeverydaythismonth.这个月天天下雨。2、强调动作在长时间内持续不断。Alltheseyearstheyhavebeencontributingarticlestoourmagazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。Shehasbeenwritingthelettersincefouro”clockintheafternoon.从下午四点钟到现在，她一直在写信。Wehavebeenstudyinginthisschoolforthreeyears.我们一直在这所学校学习了三年。HowlonghaveyoubeenwatchingTV?你看了多久电视了？过去完成进行时与将来完成进行时，同现在完成进行时的含义大致相同，一是表示反复发生的事，二是表示一直持续不断的事。四、过去完成进行时Had+been+动词ING形式1、表示反复发生的事Hehadbeenmentioningyournametome.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。Youhadbeengivingmeeverything.你对我真是有求必应。2、表示持续不断的状况Shehadbeensufferingfromabadcoldwhenshetooktheexam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。Hadtheybeenexpectingthenewsforsometime?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？Rafaelwasscoldedeventhoughhehadn'tbeendoinganythingwrong.尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。3、含有某种感情色彩Ihadonlybeenreadingafewminuteswhenhecamein.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。Theyhadonlybeenwaitingforthebusafewmomentswhenitcame.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。She'donlybeenreviewingherlessonsforashortwhilewhenherlittlesisterinterruptedher.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。五、将来完成进行时表示动作一直持续到将来某个时间的状况。Hewillhavebeenplayingonthepianobythattime．他将一直弹钢琴到那个时间。Bythetimethesunrises，Ishallhavebeensleepingforninehours．当太阳升起的时候，我将睡了九个小时。HewillhavebeenstudyingChinesesevenyearsby1980．到1980年的时候，他学中文就达到七年了。Weshallhavelearned12unitsbytheendofthisterm.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。历年真题：Mr.Herpinisoneoftheforeignexpertswho______inChina.(2010年)A.worksB.isworkingC.areworkingD.hasbeenworkingBythistimenextweek,thewinnerstheirawards.（2008年）A.willhavereceiveB.willbereceivedC.willhavereceivedD.willhavebeenreceivingSheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshetoolong.(2004年)A.hasbeenreadingB.hadreadC.isreadingD.readTheconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendoftheyear.(2003年)A.willcompleteB.willhavecompletedC.willbecompletedD.willhavebeencompletedBythetimeyourplanelandstonight,Iattheairportfor3hours.（2010年）A.hadwaitedB.havebeenwaitedC.hadbeenwaitingD.willhavebeenwaitingEventhoughtheysidebysidefortwentyyears,thetwoneighborsarenotongoodterms.(2010年)A.havebeenlivedB.hadbeenlivedC.hadbeenlivingD.havebeenliving语态重要考点：被动语态。及物动词才有被动语态形式：be+donewillbedonehave/hadbeendonebebeingdone1.Hewashitbyacaryesterday.2.Anoticewillbeputuponthewall.3.Thatimportantproblemhasbeendiscussedfornearlytwoweeks.4.Anewlakeisbeingbuiltinthepark.只能作为不及物的动词和词组：occur,happen,breakout,takeplace,cometrue,becomeareality1.May4thMovementtookplacein1919.2.Whendidtheaccidentoccur?用主动结构表示被动含义的情况：（1）read,write,wash,cook,keep,open,sell等常和well,easily,smoothly等连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。1.Theclothwasheswell.2.Inhotweather,meatwon’tkeeplong.（2）need,require,want,deserve,beworth+doingMywatchneedsrepairing.Thisfilmisreallyworthseeing.Whosaidtheboydeservepunishing.（3）某些系动词如：feel,prove,smell,taste,sound等形容词，也是主动表被动意义。Thefoodtastesdelicious.Howsweettheseflowerssmell!（4）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。1.Heishardtoplease.2.Thearticleisdifficulttounderstand.sth.+be+easy/hard/difficult+todo在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词常跟不带to的动词不定式，但在被动语态中要有to。1.Isawherpassbythewindow.2.Shewasseentopassbythewindow.1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要leave,get,keep,make(使,令),let(让),help(帮助),have(有；让；从事；允许；拿)等2.常见的感官动词有：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe(五看)；listento,hear(二听)；feel,find(二感觉)。历年真题：---Bytheway,whendidyougetyourlivingroom_____?---LastSunday.（2009年）A.topaintB.paintedC.paintingD.tobepaintedPauljusthad_______.（2008年）A.cuthishairB.hishaircutC.haircutD.hishaircuttingMarytoldmethatfatherwould_______laterthisyear.（2007年）A.havethehut(简陋的小屋)berepairedB.getthehuttoberepairedC.havethehutrepairedD.getthehutbeingrepaired非谓语动词不定式分词动名词一、不定式后面+todo的动词:(后面接不定式做宾语）afford,agree,ask,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,decline,seek,swear,wish,aim,long,strive,tend,fail,think,threaten,care,hate,prepare,undertake,help,want,hesitate,propose,plan,seem;后面接sb.+todo:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,encourage,expect(要求),forbid,hire,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn;固定词组，作独立成分：tobehonest,tobeginwith,tocutalongstoryshort,toget(back)tothepoint,toputitanotherway,totellthetruth;动词+how/what/where/which/when/why+todo有些动词后面跟不定式时，不定式前需要加疑问词，如how,when,why,where,whether,which等。这些动词有：know,wonder,findout,guess,discuss等。Theoldmanforgothowtogethomeaf