SAT2数理化精华

数理化，相信会有点用……CHEMISTRYPrefixPowerMeaningExamplesofmeasurementsnano(n)10-9one-billionthnanometer(nm):wavelengthoflightmicro(m)10-6one-millionthmicrometer(mm):widthofahairmilli(m)10-3one-thousandthmilliliter(mL):volumeofacidinburettecenti(c)10-2one-hundredthcentimeter(cm):lengthofpaperdeci(d)10-1one-tenthdeciliter(dL):amountofliquidkilo(k)103onethousandtimeskilogram(kg):yourweight1gallonequals4quarts,12inchesequals1foot,Nomenclature系统命名法binaryioniccompounds二元离子化合物AmmoniumionNH4+AcetateionC2H3O2-CyanideionCN-HydroxideionOH-NitrateionNO3-ChlorateionClO3-SulfateionSO42-CarbonateionCO32-PhosphateionPO43-HCO3-iscalledeitherthebicarbonateionorthehydrogencarbonateionHPO42-andH2PO4-.Thesearenamedhydrogenphosphateanddihydrogenphosphate,WhentheacidhasonlyanelementfollowingtheH,usetheprefixhydro-,followedbytheelement’srootnameandan-icending.hydrocyanicacid.HCNIftheacidhasan-atepolyatomicionaftertheH,thatmakesitan-icacid.H2SO4issulfuricacid.Whentheacidhasan-itepolyatomicionaftertheH,thatmakesitan-ousacidMeeatpeanutbutter.”Thiscorrespondstometh-,eth-,prop-,andbut-,whichcorrespondtoone,two,three,andfourcarbons,respectively.-ane=alkane(allsinglebondsandsaturated);CnH2n+2;saturated:itcontainsthemaximumnumberofH’s-ene=alkene(containsdoublebond,unsaturated);CnH2n-yne=alkyne(containstriplebond,unsaturated);CnH2n-2;polyunsaturated:itcontainsmorethanonedoubleortriplebondNamingpositiveions(usuallymetals)Monatomic,metal,cation:simplythenameofthemetalfromwhichitisderived.Al3+isthealuminumion(theseareoftenreferredtoasgroupAmetals).Transitionmetalsformmorethanoneion;Romannumerals(inparentheses)followtheion’sname.Cu2+iscopper(II)ion.Exception:mercury(I)isHg22+,thatis,twoHg+bondedtogethercovalently.NH4+isammonium.Romannumeralsarenotusuallywrittenwithsilver,cadmium,andzinc银镉锌.Arrangetheirsymbolsinalphabeticalorder—thefirstoneis1+andtheothertwoare2+.Namingnegativeions(usuallynonmetalsorpolyatomicions)Monatomic,nonmetal,anion:addthesuffix-idetothestemofthenonmetal’sname.Halogensarecalledthehalides.Cl-isthechlorideion.Polyatomicanion:youmustmemorizethepolyatomicion’sname.NO2-isthenitriteion.NamingBinaryMolecularCompoundsamolecularcompound?acombinationofnonmetals,bothofwhichlieneareachotherontheperiodictable.Usethefollowingsetofprefixes,anddon’tforgetthe-ideendingtothename.SubscriptPrefix1mono-(usuallyusedonlyonthesecondelement,suchascarbonmonoxideornitrogenmonoxide)2di-3tri-4tetra-5penta-6hexa-7hepta-8octa-9nona-10deca-butane丁烷C4H10propane丙烷C3H81–4carbonstendtobegasesatroomtemperature;butaneandpropaneareamongthelightesthydrocarbonsandareusedforfuel5–10carbonstendtobeintheliquidstateatroomtemperature;compoundsthatfallinthissizerangeareusedtomakegasolineandsolvents12–18carbonsmakeupjetfuelsandkerosene煤油Morethan18carbonstendtobesolidsatroomtemperaturepolymer聚合物monomer单体Aminoacids氨基酸polypeptide多肽Starch淀粉Polyethylene聚乙烯Polypropylene聚丙烯Polyethylene—Manyethenesstrungtogetherwithcovalentbonds(ethyleneisanothernameforethene);shoppingbagsandplasticbottlesaremadeofpolyethylene.Polypropylene—Manypropenesstrungtogether;gluesandcarpetsPolystyrene聚苯乙烯—Aclear,hard,brittlepolymerusedinCDcases;ifyoublowcarbondioxideintoitduringmanufactureandyougetthesoft,opaque,foamypolymerusedinacoffeecup.FunctionalGroups官能团Hydroxylgroup,—OHCarboxylicacidgroup,—COOHtrichloroethanoicacid三氯乙醇酸Aminegroup,–NH2Isomer同分异构体substitutionreaction取代反应additionreaction加成反应muriaticacid(HCl)Brass:copperandzincSterlingsilver:silverandcopperSteel:ironandcarbonBronze:copper,tin,andothermetalsPewter白蜡:mixtureoftin,copper,bismuth,andantimonywoodensplint小木条burningsplint燃着的木条colorless,odorless无色无味fireextinguisher灭火器Chlorofluorocarbons,orCFC氟氯化碳stratosphere平流层moisture湿度RulesforBasicLaboratorySafetySafetygogglesmustbewornatalltimesinthelaboratory.Noeatingordrinkinginthelaboratory.Nevertasteortouchthelaboratorychemicals.Alwayswashyourhandsbeforeleavingthelaboratory.Wearproperclothing—safetyglasses,closed-toedshoes,andanapron;tielonghairbackandremovealljewelry.Alwaysfollowthewrittendirections,andneverperformanunauthorizedexperiment.Alwaysaddacidtowater.Thispreventstheacidfromspattering.Pointheatingtesttubesawayfromothersandyourself,andheatthemslowly.Neverreturnunusedchemicalstotheiroriginalcontainers.Thispreventscontamination.Alwaysuseapipettebulborapipettertotransferwhenusingapipette吸液管.Neveruseyourmouth.Alwaysuseafumehoodwhenworkingwithtoxicsubstances.Neverinhalefumesdirectly.Neveruseanopenflamenearflammableliquids.Disposeofchemicalsinthedesignateddisposalsite—notinthesinkortrashcan.fumehood通风橱CommonLaboratoryEquipmentwhenobtainingthemassofsolidchemicals,alwaysusesometypeofweighingpapertoprotectthepanofthebalance.Burette量滴管tubeformeasuringliquid:aglasstubewithmeasurementsmarkedonthesideandastopcockatthebottom.Use:inlaboratoriestoreleaseanaccuratelymeasuredquantityofliquid.beakersarenotaccuratemeasuringinstrumentsRememberalwaystotakemeasurementsofliquidsfromthebottomofthemeniscusfiltrate滤出液颜色反应IonFlamecolorLi+,Sr2+,Ca2+RedNa+YellowK+Purple(pink)Ba2+LightgreenCu2+Blue-greenFe3+GoldIonS