英语专业语言学导论考试试题

一、1.LAD:languageacquisitiondevice语言习得机制2.Displacement:Displacementisthatlanguagecanrefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.移位法3、culturaltransmission：文化传递性Animalscallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Humanlanguagesareculturallytransmitted.4.Interpersonalfunction:人际关系Interpersonalfunctionisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Inaddition,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselvesindicatethevarioustypesofinterpersonalrelations.Finally,languagemarksouridentity.5.Linguistics:Linguisticsisdefinedasthesystematic(orscientific)studyoflanguage语言学6、Appliedlinguistics:Appliedlinguisticsisabranchofstudywhichapplylinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.应用语言学7、Syntax:Syntaxstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.句法学8.morphology:Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.形态学二、1.LanguageacquisitionandlanguagelearningLanguageacquisitionistogetalanguagesubconsciouslyandnaturallywithnogreateffort.Languagelearningistogetalanguageconsciouslywithgreateffortsandusuallyundertheteachers’instruction.Forinstance,formostChinese,theirknowledgeabouttheirmothertongue-Chinese,islanguageacquisition,whiletheirknowledgeaboutEnglishislanguagelearning.2.ForeignlanguageandsecondlanguageAlanguagehasgainedofficialstatusincertainregionorcountryiscalledsecondlanguage,whileforeignlanguagehasnot.Forexample,formostIndians,EnglishistheirsecondlanguagesinceEnglishhasgainedofficialstatusintheircountrywhileEnglishisregardedasforeignlanguageinChina.3.ExpressivefunctionandEvocativefunctionExpressivefunctionistheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Inthisfunction,languageisusedtoevaluate,appraiseandassertthespeaker’sattitudes,etc.Evocativefunctionistheuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itaimstoamuse,startle,anger,soothe,worryorplease.4.PhoneticsandPhonology.Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatis,howspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech.Phonologyisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.5.SemanticsandPragmaticsSemanticsstudiesthemeaningoflanguagePragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.6.SynchronicandDiachronicSynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.7.LangueandparoleLangueisthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.Itreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Paroleistheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics.Itreferstotheactualizedlanguage.Langueisabstract,stable,systematicandnotactuallyspokenbyanyone.Paroleisspecific,personal,subjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraintsandalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent.8.Competenceandperformance(语言能力和语言运用）Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.简答题:1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?Arbitrariness任意性Duality二元性Creativity创造性Displacement移位性Culturetransmission文化传递性Interchangeability互换性2.Whatismorpheme?Morphemeistheminimalunitofmeaning.Forexample，“purify”consistof“pur”and“ify”，andthenoun“disappearance”consistofthreemorphemes:appear,disandance.Theyallhavemeanings,andcannotbedividedanymore.3.Whatisphoneme?Example.Phonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.E.g.：/b//p//k//g/.4.Whatistheperformativefunctionofhumanlanguage?Supplyexamplestoillustrate.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Itcanalsoextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligionsoccasion.Forexample,languageisalwaysusedinthesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildrenandthenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony.5.Whatarethebasicthreebranchesofphonetics?Articulatoryphonetics,Acousticphonetics,Auditoryphonetics.6.Givingfourbranchesofmacrolinguistics.Psycholinguistics心理语言学sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Computationallinguistics计算语言学.7.Whatarethesevenfunctionoflanguage.Informative信息功能interpersonalfunction人际功能performative施为功能Emotivefunction感情功能phaticcommunion寒暄功能recreationalfunction娱乐功能metalingualfunction元语言功能