美国文学史名词解释

1AmericanPuritanism美国清教主义Simplyspeaking,AmericanPuritanismjustreferstothespiritandidealofpuritanswhosettledintheNorthAmericancontinentintheearlypartoftheseventeenthcenturybecauseofreligiouspersecutions.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害。Itmigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectual,andsocialorderofNewEngland.它为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识和社会秩序的基础。PuritansadheredtotheFivePointsofCalvinismascodifiedattheSynodofDort:unconditionalelection,limitedatonement,totaldepravity,irresistiblegraceandtheperseveranceofthesaints.清教徒遵循加尔文派于多特宗教会议上制定的五点信条：无条件拣选，有限救赎，完全堕落，不可抗拒的恩典，以及圣徒的坚守。ItisbasisofAmericanliterature.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.ItcontributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism:atechnique,widelyused.它是美国文学的基础。所有文学基于一个神话——伊甸园。它的发展导致的象征主义:技术,广泛使用。AmericanRomanticism美国浪漫主义TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.浪漫主义时期是美国文学历史上最重要的时期,从18世纪末延伸至爆发内战。它始于华盛顿·欧文的《见闻札记》,以惠特曼的《草叶集》结束。InliteratureitwasAmerica’sfirstgreatcreativeperiod,afullfloweringoftheromanticimpulseonAmericansoil.在文学上，这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作期，浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽。Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因为这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质。PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显著的影响。浪漫主义作家往往更讲道德。许多浪漫主义作品旨在陶冶他们过瘾了。Subjectivity,backtomedieval,espmedievalfolkliterature,backtonatureisromanticism’scharacteristics.主体性，回到中世纪，尤其是中世纪民间文学，回归自然是浪漫主义的特征。Itstressingemotionratherthanreason,stressingfreedomandindividuality,Idealismratherthanmaterialism.Writingaboutnature,medievallegendsandwithsupernaturalelements.强调情感,而不是原因，强调自由和个性，理想主义,而不是唯物主义。写关于自然、中世纪的传说和超自然的元素2AmericanTranscendentalism美国超验主义ItisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.它是美国浪漫主义的顶峰。超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相融合，从而超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。Thetranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheoversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.TakingnatureasthesymboloftheSpirit.超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为它是是宇宙中最重要的事情。他们强调个人的重要性，以自然为精神的象征。IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.ItmarkedtheindependenceofAmericanliterature.建立第一个美国文艺复兴时期,美国文学中最多产时期之一。标志着美国文学的独立。TheideasoftranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,andSelf-RelianceandbyThoreauinhisbookWalden.超验主义思想在爱默生的《论自然》和《论自立》以及梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》等书中表现的淋漓尽致。Freeverse自由诗Freeverseispoetrythathasanirregularrhythmandlinelengthandthatattemptstoavoidanypredeterminedversestructure;itusesthecadencesofnaturespeech.Freeversedoessoinalooserway.Whitman’spoetryisanexampleoffreeverseatitsmostimpressive.SuchastheSongofMyself.WhitmanwhopioneeredtheformandmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.自由诗是一种诗体，押韵和句子长度都不规则，而是采取正常说话的方式，避免固定的诗体结构。它使用大自然的韵律演讲。自由诗比较松散。惠特曼的诗歌是自由诗的最好例子。例如《自我之歌》。惠特曼被认为是美国自由诗的先驱。Alliteration头韵Itreferstotherepetitionofthesamesounds----usuallyinitialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables----inanysequenceofneighboringwords:”Landscape-lover,lordoflanguage”(Tennyson).Suchpoetry,inwhichalliterationratherthanrhymeisthechiefprincipleofrepetition,isknownasalliterationverse.头韵是两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语”Landscape-lover,lordoflanguage”(丁尼生)。主要使用重复头韵的诗歌被称为头韵体诗歌，其元音相互押韵。3ScarletLetter(A:AdulterytoAbletoAngel)NathanielHawthorneCharacters:HesterPrynne(heroine,attractive,activetowardsthesin)RogerChillingworth(Hester'shusband,emotionless,onlythinkingaboutrevenge,realvallaininthenovel,signifyingpureintellectwhichwasmercilessinHawthorne'smind)ArthurDimmesdale(ahandsomeandadmirableyoungpriest,contraditionaryonthesinhemadewithHester,beingabravemanatlast)Theme:Thethemeofthestoryshouldbethemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofthesinonpeople.ScarletLetterisaculturalallegory,inwhichtheauthorindirectlytellsthefutureofPuritanism.ScarletLetterisasampleinwhichAmericanRomanticismadapteditselftoAmericanPuritanism.(BecauseofthestronginfluenceofPuritanisminAmericansociety,Hawthorneonlyexpressedhisideasonthesinindirectlybyemployingsymbolism.)MobyDickHermanMelvilleMoby-dickisregardedastheGreatAmericanNovel,thefirstAmericanproseepic.knownasthewhalingencyclopedia.Moby-DicktellsthestoryhowAhab,thecaptainofawhalingship,isdeterminedtokillthewhitewhaleforithascrippledoneofhislegs.Ambiguity(YoucanunderstandhisMobyDickdifferently.)First,itcanbeunderstandasatragedyofmanfightingagainstoverwhelmingoddsinanindifferentandevenhostileuniverse.Thus,CaptainAhabisaherowhodarestofightthoughhefailedatlast.Nowadayssomenewresearchindicatedthatth