颜爱静清代台湾西拉雅族番社地权制度之变迁

171750JournalofTaiwanLandResearchVol.6,No.1pp.17~50*[e-mail]**[e-mail]***18TheStudyonInstitutionalChangeofSiraya'sLandRightsforTaiwan'sPlainsAboriginesintheChingEra.Hong-cheinYang*,Ai-chingYen**AbstractInTaiwanaborigineshavePingpupeopleandMountainpeople.SirayaisoneofPingpupeople.BeforeDutchoccupying,allTaiwanwasaborigines'land,Sirayapopula-tionspreadinthesouthwesternofTaiwan.Hunting,fishingandfarmingwereSiraya'slive-lihoodmostly,therewasnoconceptofownership,landwasusedincommon.Asthelandareawasusedonlybyvillageman,itwassimilartotheclosed-accesscommonresourceswhichhadthefeatureofexclusivecommunalproperty.AfterChingDynasty,owingtoHanChinesehadmovedintothesouthwesternTaiwan,wildplainsdecreasedgradually.Toim-provetheproductivityefficiencyoftriballandandsustainbasicneedsofliving,Sirayapeoplemustchangetheirtraditionallivelihood.AsrapidgrowthofHanChineseandSirayapeople,andthediffusionoftechnologyforpaddyricefarming,thetriballandrightshadtransitedfromcommonpropertyintoprivateownership.Inordertoprotecttriballandrightsandencouragevillageaboriginestoplanttheirland,ChingGovernmentprohibitedHanChinesefromdevelopingwildplainsillegally.However,ifaboriginesdidnotneedtode-velopthetriballand,ChingGovernmentpermittedHanChinesetorenttriballand.HanChineseobtainedusufructrightsandmanagementrightsoftriballandbypayingthetribaltax,thetribeonlykeptresiduallarge-rentrights.Therefore,thetriballandrightsweredi-videdintosplitownershipwhichwascalledlarge-rentandsmall-rentrights.Anyownerofthoserightscouldeithermanagethembythemselvesorsoldthemout.Inthesystemofmulti-tieredlandrights,villageaborigineshadleftnothingbutrightforcollectingrent.Becausevillageaborigineswereverypoor,theyhadtoborrowsomemoneyfromHanlenderandmortgagetheirrenttolender.Villageaboriginescouldnotamortizethedebt19usually,iftheappointedpayoffdatereached.Asaresult,therightofcollectingrentbe-longedtoHanlendercontinually.Formallyvillageaborigineshadthelarge-rentrights,buttheyweredeprivedgradually,thelarge-rentrightsturnedoutempty.Inshort,thepurposeofthispaperistoexploreinstitutionalchangeofSiraya'slandrightsbyinstitutionalchangetheory,contracttheory.ThroughdeliberationofSirayaprivatedocuments,wecanconcludethepropertyrightsofvillageaboriginesweretransitedfromcommunalrightintoprivateownershipandturnedouttobeemptinessoronlyfaceright.Keywords:Siraya,Tribe,TribalLand,VillageAborigines,Multi-tieredLandRights1(17171998)(1744)(1722)()()()()1.20North(North1981)212North1.(1910)2.JohnRobertShepherd(1995)StatecraftandPoliticalEconomyontheTai-wanFrontier1600-1800()Shepherd(rawaborigines)2.172418994322(pro-colonization)(1724)(1768)()Shepherd(maturation)(multi-tieredlandrights)(Shepherd1995)Shepherd3.(86)()(1)(2)(3)(86)Shep-herd4.(90)-(1)(2)()23(3)()()(4)(5)()(90)()3North()()North(performance)3.13924(North1995)4(appropriateactions)(FurubotnandRichter2000)(inducedinstitu-tionalchange)(imposedinstitutionalchange)(Ruttan19951997)(1997)4.25(liberty)(liability)(FurubotnandRichter2000)5(83)EuckenEucken(FurubotnandRichter2000)Shepherd6Shepherd5.6.butthelackofpermanentownershipdidnotmeanthatlandwithintheagriculturalringwasopentoanyone.therighttosuchlandwaspredicateduponrecognizedmembershipinthevillage.(Shepherd1995240-241)26(1697)(1717)(1764)(544)7(theclosed-accesscom-monpoolresources)(Ostrom1990FurubtnandRichard2000)(Shepherd1995)()()()(1904)40.7.174647527(1816)24840.9()()()1084002-09-4799.10.33246-2472811(1714)(1721)12(1719)131415(1683)11.NorthNorth1981:87-8912.17173413.17205614.13515.Ruttan19902916,274(1899)307,28910,865123,237441,39116818,659300,622184,5511,303,83216397,647233,552()501,748()2,46950161617(1683)(1745)20,733.8318()16.Shepherd211756661995161264417.16977318.30HayamiRuttan(1971)(InducementMechanism)19161612502644234,1998,5793,49616,274(1683)(2,436)(7,846)(2,445)(12,727)504,45910,2904,07818,827(1711)(2,436)(7,846)(2,445)(12,727)26307,28910,865123,237441,391(26(26(28(1761))))16818,659300,622184,5511,303,832(1811)19.RobertD.StevensandCathyL.Jabara,(1988),AgriculturalDevelopmentPrinciples,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,pp.134~137.31(1744)(1717)20(1820)(1722)()()(())(1639)7,64723(1683)3,552501,748(1711)2(1737)5311901,7482,4695020.6032(1717)(1997)13(1749)2121.JohnRobertShepherd(1995)StatecraftandPoliticalEconomyontheTaiwanFrontier1600-1800StanfordUniversityPressp2453344(1704)51()22()23404451(1724)138()()8()4()6()7()42()89()103()125()132()1325261062322322.341.2.1.22.841.3332.53()23(1683)44(1704)51(1711)2(1724)2(1737)24(1759)33(1768)3353(1788)53(1788)1.2.401.()2.()3523(1899)()(restrictedrealrights)()()()(separationofownershipandcontrol)(FurubotnandRichter2000)()()()()()()241.()()23.18077324.3625268.27()()31(1766)32(1767)12(1807)5(1800)51(1786)()8(6516)9(1043)64(6)79(42)87(42)8()()25.5326.27.1382937168.()(17)2.()79.()25879.38(1904561-562)2860(1721)46(1707)297(1720)2(1721)1.57007.5()46924(1759)242428.Shepherd4733Shepherd1995253-25429.393030.172116241662403132338433Eucken33()(multi-tieredlandrights)1303431.90912424162432.90151-15333.Shepherd33