【珍藏精品】2011届高考第一轮总复习经典实用学案：语法专题9

语法专题九名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。(一)引导名词性从句的连接词1．引导名词性从句的引导词可分为三类连接词：(不充当从句的任何成分)that,whether,if连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why2．不可省略的引导词(1)介词后的引导词不可省略。(2)引导主语从句和同位语从句的引导词不可省略。如：Thathewaschosenpresidentmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwonfirstprize.3．whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if所取代(1)引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether，不用if，如：Whetherourteamwillwinremainsaproblem.Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.(2)引导表语从句用whether，不用if，如：Thequestioniswhetheryouhaveenoughmoneynow.(3)whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if则不能，如：I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llcomeornot.Itdependsonwhetherwehavegotenoughtime.(4)whether可以直接和动词不定式连用，而if则不能，如：Ididn’tknowwhethertowaitortoleave.Mikehasn’tdecidedwhethertomakeatelephonecallornot.(5)引导同位语从句用whether，不用if，如：Thenewswhethertheywillattendthepartyisnotknownyet.大部分引导词引导的主语从句都可置于句末，前面用it充当形式主语。如：Itisnotdecidedyetwhetherthemeetingwillbeheldthisevening.(二)名词性that－从句1．由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that－从句。that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that－从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，如：主语：Thathegotthefirstprizeisnotjustajoke.宾语：JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.表语：Thefactisthatwecan’taffordtobuythehouse.同位语：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.形容词宾语：Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.2．that－从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将that－从句置于句末，如：ItisquiteclearthatTaiwanbelongstoChina.It’sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleaveonsuchanoccasion.用it作形式主语的that－从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：(1)It＋be＋形容词＋that－从句Itisnecessarythat...有必要……。Itisimportantthat...重要的是……。Itisobviousthat...很明显……。(2)It＋be＋－ed分词＋that－从句Itisbelievedthat...人们相信……。Itisknowntoallthat...众所周知……。Ithasbeendecidedthat...已决定……。(3)It＋be＋名词＋that－从句Itisacommonknowledgethat...……是常识。Itisasurprisethat...令人惊奇的是……。Itisafactthat...事实是……。(4)It＋不及物动词＋that－从句Itappearsthat...似乎……。Ithappensthat...碰巧……。Itoccurredtomethat...我突然想起……。(三)名词性wh－从句1．由wh－词引导的名词性从句叫做名词性wh－从句。wh－词包括who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。wh－从句的语法功能除了和that－从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补足语和间接宾语等，如：主语：Howthebookwillselldependsonitsquality.直接宾语：Inone’sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.间接宾语：Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.表语：Myquestioniswhowilltakeoverthepresident.宾语补足语：Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.同位语：Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.形容词宾语：I’mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.介词宾语：Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.2．wh－从句作主语时也常用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正主语wh－从句置于句末，如：Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.(四)if,whether引导的名词性从句1．yes－no型疑问从句从属连词if,whether引导的名词性从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问句转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes－no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh－从句的功能相同，如：主语：WhethertheplanisOKremainstobeproved.宾语：Idon’tknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishyourworkontime.表语：Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.同位语：Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.形容词宾语：She’sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.介词宾语：Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpasstheexams.2．选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether...or或whether...ornot构成，如：Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyarefromHongKongorMacao.Idon’tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.(五)否定转移1．将Ithink/believe/suppose/expect/fancy/imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。Idon’tthinkIknowyou.我想我并不认识你。Idon’tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不会来。注意：若谓语动词为hope/beafraid.宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。Ihopeyouweren’till.我想你没有生病吧。Iamafraidhewon’tcallmeback.恐怕他不会给我回电话。2．将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。Itdoesn’tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.Itdoesn’tappearthatwe’llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.3．有时将动名词、介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。如：Idon’trememberhavingeverseensuchaman.我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not否定动名词短语having...)4．有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。如：Theantisnotgatheringfoodforitselfalone.(否定状语)蚂蚁并不只给自己采集食物。Ididn’tmarryherbecauseIlovedher.(否定状语从句)我并不是因为爱她才跟她结婚的。注意：在名词性从句的复习过程中，须特别注意以下问题：1．主语从句whatever,whoever,whichever引导的主语从句的区别：whatever相当于anythingthat，是what的强调形式，表示“无论什么”。如：Whatevershedoesisridiculous.whoever相当于anyonewho，是who的强调形式，表示“无论谁；任何……的人”。如：Whoeverwalksaroundinsuchaheavyrainwillcatchacold.whichever“无论哪个；无论哪些”，既指人，也指物；可以单独使用，可以修饰名词，也可以后跟of短语。如：Whicheverofusfulfillshistaskfirstwilllendahandtoothers.Whicheverbookyouborrowdoesn’tmattertous.2．表语从句reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，不能用why引导，但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that引导。如：Thereasonwhywedidn’ttrusthimisthathehasoftenlied.3．同位语从句(1)能跟同位语从句的名词idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt等名词后面，可以跟that或者连接代词、连接副词引导的同位语从句。同位语从句只是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面的名词的具体含义。如：Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditontheirown.TheyexpressedthehopethatwewouldgoandvisitGermanyagain.(2)同位语从句和定语从句的区别that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句：Thesuggestion(that)heraisedatthemeetingisverygood.(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略)Thesuggestionthatthestudents(should)haveplentyofexerciseisverygood.(that引导同位语从句，在从句中不做成份，不可省略)Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.(that引导同位语从句，不能省略)Haveyougottheidea(that)thisbookgivesyouoflifeinancientGreece？(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略)1.(2009·江苏)ManyyoungpeopleintheWestareexpectedtoleave______couldbelife’smostimportantdecision—marriage—almostentirelyuptoluck.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what2．(2009·安徽)Agoodfriendofminefrom______Iwasbornshowedupatmyhomerightbef