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从句宾语从句一、定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句可以用连词that,连接代词who,whom,what,which;连接副词how,when,where以及if和whether引起。连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中作一相应的句子成分,if或whether表示疑问,而that没有意义仅起连接作用。二、宾语从句的分类:1.作动词的宾语从句:如:Everyoneknowsthatheisagoodstudent.Hewonderedhowthepyramidswerebuilt.2.作介词宾语:如:Thisdependsonhowhardyouwork.IsthereanythingwronginwhatIsaid?3.作形容词的宾语:如:Theyareconfidentthattheycandothejobwell.Iamnotcertainwhetherthetrainwillarriveontime.三:使用宾语从句要注意的问题:1.宾语从句引导词that的省略:在非正式场合下,that在引导宾语从句时,可以省略。如:Ithink(that)youareright.2.形式宾语it:如果宾语从句后面跟有补语,要用形式宾语it来代替,而将从句放到补语的后面去。如:Hehasmadeitclearthatthemeetingwillnotbepostponed.Ihearditsaidthatthatfactorywasfoundedin1901.3.宾语从句的时态呼应:如果主句的谓语是过去时,宾语从句的时态要按照时态呼应规则进行相应的调整。但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然观念,其谓语时态仍用一般现在时。如:Hesaidthathehadlefthisumbrellainthelibrary.TheteachertoldthestudentsthatthePacificOceanisthelargestoceanintheworld.4.宾语从句否定意义的转移:在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词所根的宾语中,如果从句谓语是否定的,一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去,而将从句宾语变为肯定形式。如:Idon’tthinkhehastimetoplaychesswithyou.Idon’tsupposeitistherushhouryet.5.一些动词接的宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气:一般说来,在一些表示坚持(insist),命令(order,command),建议(suggest,advise),要求(require,demand)等动词之后的宾语从句中,谓语一般要用“should+动词原形”(其中的should在美国英语中常省略,但是引导从句的that通常不省略):如:Shesuggestedthatwe(should)leaveearly.Heorderedthatthemedicine(should)besentbyaspecialplane.6.whether与if引导介词宾语从句时,只能用whether,不用if;与“ornot”连用时,一般用whether,不用if。如:Iaminterestedinwhetherhe'llgoabroad.Wedon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.7.宾语从句的语序连接词后面为陈述语序。如:Idon’tknowwhatyournameis.8.直接引语变为间接引语间接引语的使用应注意选择合适的动词。陈述用say/tell,疑问用ask/wonder,而祈使用tell/order,建议用advise/suggest。注意这些动词后面的结构和语气。如:“Couldyougetsometeaforme?”Mr.Blakesaidtohiswife.→Mr.Blakeaskedhiswifewhethershecouldgetsometeaforhim.“Shallwegodancingtonight?”Johnsaid.→Johnsuggestedtheyshouldgodancingtonight.状语从句状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号。状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,结果,目的等类。下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。时间状语从句:是由when,as,while,after,before,since,until,assoonas等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。如:IwillcallyouassoonasIarrivethere.原因状语从句:because,since,as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪个好。我们来比较一下。because语势最强,回答why提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因,就用as或since。如:Idon'tlikethatcoat,becausethecolorlooksterrible.由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。如:Heisnothere,because/forhismotherisill.目的状语从句:表示目的状语的从句可以由inorderthat,sothat,等词引导。如:Youmustraiseyourvoicesothat/inorderthateverybodycanhearyouclearly.结果状语从句:结果状语从句常由so...that或such...that引导,要掌握和区分这两个句型,首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。如:TheboxissoheavythatIcan'tcarryit.让步状语从句:是由though,although引导的状语从句。though,although和but不能同时使用。Althoughitrained,theyhadagoodtime.定语从句定语从句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。关系副词有:when,where,why,how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1、关系代词引导的定语从句1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(who/that在从句中作主语)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换),例如:Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(which/that在句中作宾语)Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法区别:1)不用that的情况a)在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c)多用who的情况①关系代词在从句中做主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行词为those,people时Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行词为all,anyone,ones,one指人时Onewhodoesn’tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b)先行词有theonly,thevery,thejust修饰时,只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c)先行词为序数词(thelast)、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwas“ThePrinceandthePauper”byMarkTwin.d)先行词既有人,又有物时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e)当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时,用that以避免重复。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)when,where,why,how关系副词when,where,why,how的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用,例如:Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?I’msurprisedtheway
本文标题:从句的种类和区分
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